ReviewCytokine2021
G-CSF in tumors: Aggressiveness, tumor microenvironment and immune cell regulation.
Review in Cytokine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 67 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
67 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 108 citations in OpenAlex.
- Paraneoplastic Syndromes in Gallbladder Cancer: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Pooled it
- Trilaciclib prior to FOLFOXIRI/bevacizumab for patients with untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: phase 3 PRESERVE 1 trial.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2025Trial
- Circulating granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as a sex-unbiased global marker of lung and colorectal cancer cachexia pre-clinical models.Experimental physiology · 2026Article
- Surgical Management of Solid Tumors With Hematologic Manifestations: A Mechanism-Based Clinical Review.European journal of haematology · 2026Review
- Tryptophan degradation by intestinal Bacteroides induces anti-tumor immunity and limits melanoma growth.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Armed Oncolytic Myxoma Virus Induces Systemic Antitumor Immunity Against Solid Tumors in Immunocompetent Mice.Research square · 2026Article
- New Insights Into the Role of Neutrophils in Lymphoma.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- Natural and Engineered Cytokines as Cancer Therapeutics.Annual review of cancer biology · 2026Article
- G-CSF promotes H3K27ac-modified KLF5 to activate CXCR4 expression and drive colon cancer growth and metastasis.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor use does not impair efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a real-world retrospective study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in ROS1-rearranged and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-producing lung squamous cell carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Recruitment of neutrophils by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy: the good, the bad, and the unknown.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in tumor microenvironment for radiotherapy: friend or foe?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Serum NGAL and G-CSFR as Predictive and Prognostic Biomarkers for Trastuzumab-Based Therapy in HER2-Positive Gastric Cancer: A Retrospective Study.Cancer management and research · 2026Article
- Immune profiling identifies the contribution of extracellular vesicles to immune modulation and progression in prostate cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Colony-Stimulating Factor 3 Receptor Mutations and Variants in Hematological Malignancies.Cancers · 2025Review
- Robot-Assisted Colorectal Cancer Surgery Mitigates Early Postoperative Immunosuppression and Angiogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Cellular and molecular features of acute myeloid leukemia investigation based on single-cell RNA sequencing.Cancer cell international · 2025Article
- Inflammatory factors and nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Medicine · 2025Article
- The Responsiveness of Breast Cancer Cells to Varied Levels of Vitamin B12, Cisplatin, and G-CSF.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
7 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine most well-known for maturation and mobilization of bone marrow neutrophils. Although it is used therapeutically to treat chemotherapy induced neutropenia, it is also highly expressed in some tumors. Case reports suggest that tumors expressing high levels of G-CSF are aggressive, more difficult to treat, and present with poor prognosis and high mortality rates. Research on this topic suggests that G-CSF has tumor-promoting effects on both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. G-CSF has a direct effect on tumor cells to promote tumor stem cell longevity and overall tumor cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, it may promote pro-tumorigenic immune cell phenotypes such as M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and regulatory T cells. Overall, the literature suggests a plethora of pro-tumorigenic activity that should be balanced with the therapeutic use. In this review, we present an overview of the multiple complex roles of G-CSF and G-CSFR in tumors and their microenvironment and discuss how clinical advances and strategies may open new therapeutic avenues.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.