Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33675688›Full record

ArticleThe lancet. Psychiatry2021

The hidden burden of eating disorders: an extension of estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

Damian F Santomauro, Sarah Melen, Deborah Mitchison, Theo Vos, Harvey Whiteford, Alize J Ferrari

Registry-linked trialOpen access · hybridAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The lancet. Psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06387719 (Precursors of Binge Eating Disorder in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents With Obesity), which is not on this map. Cited by 202 papers, 14 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
202citing papers in PubMed, 14 pooled it
37.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT06387719 unknown statusnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Precursors of Binge Eating Disorder in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents With Obesity: Early MRI Markers of Brain Reward and Inhibition Processing Dysfunction

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorFundació Sant Joan de DéuRan2023 to 2026Enrolled102ConditionsBinge-Eating Disorder, Obesity, Eating Disorders, BEDArmsMagnetic resonance imaging
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

202 citing papers in PubMed, 14 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 362 citations in OpenAlex.

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  5. A systematic review and meta-analysis of eating disorder preventative interventions in schools.European eating disorders review : the journal of the Eating Disorders Association · 2025
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142 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.

Damian F SantomauroSchool of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Electronic address: d.santomauro@uq.edu.au.
Sarah MelenSchool of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
Deborah MitchisonTranslational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia.
Theo VosInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Harvey WhitefordSchool of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
Alize J FerrariSchool of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
University of Queensland · AUUniversity of Washington · USInstitute for Health Metrics and Evaluation · USMacquarie University · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundAnorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the only eating disorders included in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, yet binge-eating disorder and other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED) are more prevalent. This study sought to estimate the prevalence and burden of binge-eating disorder and OSFED globally and present a case for their inclusion in GBD.

methodsWe sourced studies from the GBD 2019 anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa epidemiological databases, two systematic reviews that included studies with epidemiological estimates of binge-eating disorder and OSFED, and experts in the field. Studies, published between Jan 1, 1998, and March 1, 2019, were included if they reported non-zero prevalence of two or more eating disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, or OSFED) and diagnosed cases according to DSM-IV or DSM-5. The proportions of total eating disorder cases that met diagnostic criteria for each individual eating disorder were estimated via network meta-regression and simulation using studies reporting eating disorder prevalence. The global cases unrepresented in GBD 2019 were estimated using the proportions from the simulation and the GBD 2019 eating disorder prevalence. Disability weights for binge-eating disorder and OSFED were then estimated along with disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Estimates are presented with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).

findings54 studies, of which 36 were from high-income countries, were included in the analysis. The number of global eating disorder cases in 2019 that were unrepresented in GBD 2019 was 41·9 million (95% UI 27·9-59·0), and consisted of 17·3 million (11·3-24·9) people with binge-eating disorder and 24·6 million (14·7-39·7) people with OSFED (vs 13·6 million [10·2-17·5] people with eating disorders in GBD 2019). Together, binge-eating disorder and OSFED caused 3·7 million (95% UI 2·0-6·5) DALYs globally, bringing the total eating disorder DALYs to 6·6 million (3·8-10·6) in 2019.

interpretationBinge-eating disorder and OSFED accounted for the majority of eating disorder cases and DALYs globally. These findings warrant the inclusion of binge-eating disorder and OSFED in future iterations of GBD, which will bring the burden experienced by people living with these disorders to the attention of policy makers with the means to target this burden.

fundingQueensland Health, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Indexed as

Global Burden of DiseaseBinge-Eating DisorderFemaleHumansMalePersons with DisabilitiesPrevalenceQuality-Adjusted Life Years

Identifiers

PMID33675688
PMCPMC7973414
OpenAlexW3134691892

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.