SynthesisThe American journal of clinical nutrition2021
Maternal BMI is positively associated with human milk fat: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.
Synthesis in The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Linking maternal BMI trajectories from prepregnancy to postpartum with breast milk fat composition: a retrospective longitudinal study.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Human Milk from Breastfeeding Bangladeshi Women Reveals Amino Acid Metabolic Pathways Associated with Maternal Nutritional Status and Infant Growth.The Journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Maternal body mass index and association with breast milk intake in three-month-old infants.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
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- Article
- Maternal Phenotype, Infant Size and Breast Milk Composition in Women Living With HIV.Maternal & child nutrition · 2025Article
- Impact of perinatal factors on breast milk composition and volume in preterm infants.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The Associations of Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index With Human Milk Fatty Acid and Phospholipid Composition in the Observational Norwegian Human Milk Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Determination of macronutrient profile and energy composition in human milk via Mid-Infrared Spectrometer Analysis: An experimental study.JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition · 2025Article
- Maternal and Infant Predictors of Human Milk Macronutrient and Energy Concentrations in Rural Bangladesh: An Observational Cohort Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Observational
- Determinants of maternal and infant omega-3 status at 3 months postpartum: findings from the APrON longitudinal cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding Shapes the Gut Microbiota and Its Structure Is Associated with Weight Gain Trajectories in Mexican Infants.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Human milk whey proteins: Constituents, influencing factors, detection methods, and comparative analysis with other sources.Food chemistry: X · 2025Review
- The unrevealed links: periodontal health, human milk composition, and infant gut microbiome dynamics.Primary health care research & development · 2024Review
- Maternal BMI During Lactation Is Associated with Major Protein Compositions in Early Mature Milk.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Deciphering macronutrient information about human milk.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Review
- Investigation of Relationships between Intakes of Human Milk Total Lipids and Metabolic Hormones and Infant Sex and Body Composition.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Role of breastfeeding in disease prevention.Microbial biotechnology · 2024Review
- Human Milk Composition Is Associated with Maternal Body Mass Index in a Cross-Sectional, Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of Human Milk from Guatemalan Mothers.Current developments in nutrition · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLack of robust estimates of human-milk nutrient composition and influential maternal factors, such as body composition, are barriers to informing nutrition policies and programs.
objectiveThe objective was to understand the relation between maternal BMI and human-milk energy, fat, and/or total protein.
methodsFour electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science) were searched. Outcomes assessed were human-milk energy (kcal/L), fat (g/L), and total protein (g/L) from mothers 1 to 6 mo postpartum. Studies with data on maternal BMI or weight and height that quantified human-milk energy, fat, or protein between 1 and 6 mo postpartum were eligible. Random-effects meta-regression weighted by the inverse of the study-level SE was completed for each of the 3 outcomes. The certainty of evidence for each outcome was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.
resultsA total of 11,373 titles and abstracts were identified, and after full-text screening, 69 articles of 66 studies were included. Meta-regression results showed a positive association between maternal BMI and human-milk fat (β: 0.56 g/L; 95% CI: 0.034, 1.1; P = 0.04; I2 = 93.7%, n = 63 datapoints). There was no significant association between maternal BMI and human-milk energy (β: 3.9 kcal/L; 95% CI: -1.6, 9.5; P = 0.16, I2 = 93.3%, n = 40 datapoints) or total protein (β: 0.13 g/L; 95% CI: -0.16, 0.41; P = 0.37, I2 = 99.1%, n = 40 datapoints). The certainty of evidence for human-milk energy was low and the certainty of evidence for fat and total protein was very low.
conclusionsMeta-regression analysis of available literature suggested an association between maternal BMI and human-milk fat between 1 and 6 mo postpartum. Future studies are needed to confirm the relation between maternal BMI; variation in human-milk energy, fat, and protein content; and the implications for child growth and development. This review is registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO 2018 CRD42018098808) at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/.
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