ArticleViruses2021
Antiviral Cytokine Response in Neuroinvasive and Non-Neuroinvasive West Nile Virus Infection.
Article in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Inflammatory Response Associated with West Nile Neuroinvasive Disease: A Systematic Review.Viruses · 2024Pooled it
- A human cerebral organoid model of West Nile virus encephalitis shows innate immunocompetency.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Blood cytokine levels in anti-NMDAR and viral encephalitis during the early stage of hospitalization: a small-sample exploratory pilot study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Viruses and the Brain-A Relationship Prone to Trouble.Viruses · 2025Review
- Clinical Characteristics, Laboratory Parameters, and Molecular Epidemiology of Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections in a Hotspot Region of Eastern Croatia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Leukocyte recruitment in flavivirus-induced encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Differential Transcriptional Landscape of Vero Cells During Dengue Virus 2 Infection in the Presence of Sinococuline.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- CD11b maintains West Nile virus replication through modulation of immune response in human neuroblastoma cells.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Proinflammatory Chemokine Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Investigation of the association between circulating inflammatory proteins and encephalitis risk in Europeans by two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection.Viruses · 2023Review
- Nanosystems for gene therapy targeting brain damage caused by viral infections.Materials today. Bio · 2023Review
- Quantification of Antiviral Cytokines in Serum, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Urine of Patients with Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Croatia.Vaccines · 2022Article
- Review
- A Preliminary Study of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Depression Following West Nile Virus Infection.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- West Nile Virus Neuroinfection in Humans: Peripheral Biomarkers of Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Damage.Viruses · 2022Article
- Severe West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease: Clinical Characteristics, Short- and Long-Term Outcomes.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Infections and Pregnancy: Effects on Maternal and Child Health.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2022Review
- Emerging Trends in the West Nile Virus Epidemiology in Croatia in the 'One Health' Context, 2011-2020.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2021Review
- SARS-CoV-2, Trait Anxiety, and the Microbiome.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 9 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Data on the immune response to West Nile virus (WNV) are limited. We analyzed the antiviral cytokine response in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of patients with WNV fever and WNV neuroinvasive disease using a multiplex bead-based assay for the simultaneous quantification of 13 human cytokines. The panel included cytokines associated with innate and early pro-inflammatory immune responses (TNF-α/IL-6), Th1 (IL-2/IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4/IL-5/IL-9/IL-13), Th17 immune response (IL-17A/IL-17F/IL-21/IL-22) and the key anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Elevated levels of IFN-γ were detected in 71.7% of CSF and 22.7% of serum samples (
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.