ReviewToxins2021
The Central Effects of Botulinum Toxin in Dystonia and Spasticity.
Review in Toxins, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 64 citations in OpenAlex.
- From Neurophysiological Mechanisms to Rehabilitation After Botulinum Toxin Type A in Post-Stroke Spasticity.Toxins · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Efficacy of botulinum toxin type A for spasticity management and motor function in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in neurologyPooled it
- Article
- Review
- Anticholinergic Burden and Botulinum Toxin Needs after Deep Brain Stimulation in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Dystonia.Movement disorders clinical practice · 2026Article
- Article
- Advances in Clostridial Neurotoxins: Passage of the Intestinal Barrier and Targeting of Specific Neuronal Cells.Toxins · 2026Review
- Development and preliminary validation of a multimodal instrument for spasticity quantification using a composite index: A pilot study.PloS one · 2026Article
- Deutetrabenazine in Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders: VMAT2 Modulation From Choreiform Disorders to Hyperkinetic Dystonic Syndromes.Journal of central nervous system disease · 2026Review
- Research progress in the use of botulinum toxin type a for post-stroke spasticity rehabilitation: a narrative review.Annals of medicine · 2025Review
- Effect of Early Treatment of Spasticity After Stroke on Motor Recovery: Protocol for the Baclotox Multicenter, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2025Article
- Effect of Botulinum toxin on non-motor symptoms in adult-onset idiopathic focal/segmental dystonia.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Botulinum Toxin Therapy: A Comprehensive Review on Clinical and Pharmacological Insights.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Brain network pathophysiology in dystonia.Dystonia (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ultrasonography for Assessment and Intervention With Botulinum Toxin Injection for Tremors.Annals of rehabilitation medicine · 2024Article
- Memory-Guided Saccades and Non-Motor Symptoms Improve after Botulinum Toxin Therapy in Cervical Dystonia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Neurobiological mechanisms of botulinum neurotoxin-induced analgesia for neuropathic pain.Pharmacology & therapeutics · 2024Review
- Flawed prosthodontic treatment as a triggering factor of orofacial dyskinesia: A case report.Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry · 2024Article
- Neurosurgical and pharmacological management of dystonia.World journal of psychiatry · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In dystonic and spastic movement disorders, however different in their pathophysiological mechanisms, a similar impairment of sensorimotor control with special emphasis on afferentation is assumed. Peripheral intervention on afferent inputs evokes plastic changes within the central sensorimotor system. Intramuscular application of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is a standard evidence-based treatment for both conditions. Apart from its peripheral action on muscle spindles, a growing body of evidence suggests that BoNT-A effects could also be mediated by changes at the central level including cerebral cortex. We review recent studies employing electrophysiology and neuroimaging to investigate how intramuscular application of BoNT-A influences cortical reorganization. Based on such data, BoNT-A becomes gradually accepted as a promising tool to correct the maladaptive plastic changes within the sensorimotor cortex. In summary, electrophysiology and especially neuroimaging studies with BoNT-A further our understanding of pathophysiology underlying dystonic and spastic movement disorders and may consequently help develop novel treatment strategies based on neural plasticity.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.