ArticleNutrients2021
Adequacy and Sources of Protein Intake among Pregnant Women in the United States, NHANES 2003-2012.
Article in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association Between Maternal Protein Intake and the Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Clinical Course and Considerations of a Stage G4 Chronic Kidney Disease Patient Who Successfully Initiated Dialysis During Pregnancy and Discontinued It Postpartum.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Reduced Availability of Essential Amino Acids Disrupts Differentiation of Anorexigenic POMC Neurons in the Fetal Rat Hypothalamus.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- A Review of Modulation of Gut Microbiota to Mitigate Gestational Diabetes: Implications for Maternal and Child Health.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2025Review
- Which dietary pattern should be adopt by age-appropriate pregnant women to avoid gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes mellitus.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Considering the nutritional benefits and health implications of red meat in the era of meatless initiatives.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Article
- Gestational and early postnatal protein malnutrition disrupts neurodevelopment in rhesus macaques.Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991) · 2024Article
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms of the Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Fetal Protein Deficiency: Insights From Rodent Models and Public Health Implications.Biological psychiatry global open science · 2024Review
- Protein Nutrition: Understanding Structure, Digestibility, and Bioavailability for Optimal Health.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- First trimester maternal tryptophan metabolism and embryonic and fetal growth: the Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort (Predict Study).Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Observational
- No strong evidence of the protein leverage hypothesis in pregnant women with obesity and their infants.Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) · 2023Article
- Nausea and Vomiting during Early Pregnancy among Chinese Women and Its Association with Nutritional Intakes.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Using FIGO Nutrition Checklist counselling in pregnancy: A review to support healthcare professionals.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2023Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Limited information is available on protein intake and adequacy of protein intake among pregnant women. Using data from a sample of 528 pregnant women in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2003-2012, usual intake of protein (g/day and g/kg body weight (bw)/day) and prevalence of intake below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) by trimester of pregnancy were calculated using the National Cancer Institute method. Percent contributions to protein intake by source (i.e., plant and animal, including type of animal source) were also calculated. Mean usual intake of protein was 88 ± 4.3, 82 ± 3.1, and 82 ± 2.9 g/day among women in trimester 1, 2, and 3 of pregnancy, respectively, or 1.30 ± 0.10, 1.35 ± 0.06, and 1.35 ± 0.05 g/kg bw/day, respectively. An estimated 4.5% of women in the first trimester of pregnancy consumed less protein than the EAR of 0.66 g/kg bw/day; among women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, 12.1% and 12.8% of women, respectively, consumed less protein than the EAR of 0.88 g/kg bw/day. Animal sources of protein accounted for approximately 66% of total protein. Findings from this study show that one in eight women in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy have inadequate intake of protein. Pregnant women should be encouraged to consume sufficient levels of protein from a variety of sources.
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