ArticleInternational journal of environmental research and public health2021
Mortality Risk Factors for Individuals Experiencing Homelessness in Catalonia (Spain): A 10-Year Retrospective Cohort Study.
Article in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Primary care for homeless patients].Atencion primaria · 2026Article
- The intersections of palliative care and homelessness in social policy: A content analysis of Canadian policy documents.BMC palliative care · 2025Article
- How to eliminate hepatitis C between people who inject drugs in community services and prisons in Catalonia.Harm reduction journal · 2025Review
- "Healthy immigrant effect" among individuals experiencing homelessness in Spain?: Foreign-born individuals had higher average age at death in 15-year retrospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2023Observational
- Differences in Drug Use among Persons Experiencing Homelessness According to Gender and Nationality.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Understanding and Tackling the Complex Challenges of Homelessness and Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- The Association of Interpersonal Relationships and Social Services with the Self-Rated Health of Spanish Homelessness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Health Status, Health Determinants, and Use of Preventive Services Among Frontline Workers in Homeless Services.Journal of primary care & community healthArticle
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
(1) Background: Current evidence suggests that mortality is considerably higher in individuals experiencing homelessness. The aim of this study was to analyze the mortality rate and the mortality risk factors in a sample of individuals experiencing homelessness in the city of Girona over a ten-year period. (2) Methods: We retrospectively examined the outcomes of 475 people experiencing homelessness with the available clinical and social data. Our sample was comprised of 84.4% men and 51.8% foreign-born people. Cox's proportional hazard models were used to identify mortality risk factors between origin groups. (3) Results: 60 people died during the ten-year period. The average age of death was 49.1 years. After adjusting for demographic characteristics and the duration of homelessness, the risk factors for mortality were origin (people born in Spain) (HR = 4.34; 95% CI = 1.89-10.0), type 2 diabetes (HR = 2.9; 95% CI = 1.62-5.30), alcohol use disorder (HR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.12-3.29), and infectious diseases (HR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.09-2.39). Our results show a high prevalence of infectious and chronic diseases. Type 2 diabetes emerges as an important risk factor in homelessness. The average age of death of individuals experiencing homelessness was significantly lower than the average age of death in the general population (which is greater than 80 years). (4) Conclusions: Foreign-born homeless people were generally younger and healthier than Spanish-born homeless people. Chronic diseases were controlled better in Spanish-born people, but this group showed an increased risk of mortality.
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