ReviewViruses2021
Viral Infections and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: New Players in an Old Story.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 116 citations in OpenAlex.
- Viral metagenomic analysis of the blood virome in patients with multiple autoimmune diseases.Virology journal · 2026Article
- Decoding the association between microorganisms and autoimmunity: a multifaceted review of evidence on specific pathogens that trigger autoimmune diseases.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Vitamin D as an Immuno-Endocrine Modulator: Discovering Its Role in Autoimmune Disorders and Host Defense Mechanisms.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Article
- RETRACTED: Endogenous Retroviruses as Regulators of Innate Immune Signaling and InflammationViruses · 2026Review
- Epitope spreading in multiple sclerosis is shaped by the spatial organisation of immune responses.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Transposable elements as a possible missing link between genetic predisposition and environmental triggers of autoimmune disorders: insights from type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- How Epstein Barr virus shapes lupus autoimmunity: mechanistic insights and therapeutic perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- GBP2 promotes podocyte pyroptosis and contributes to the pathogenesis of pediatric lupus nephritis.PloS one · 2026Article
- Article
- Type 1 Diabetes and Other Autoimmune Diseases-Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Screening.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism · 2026Review
- Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: an Integrative Review.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2025Review
- CMV infection in active systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical characteristics, prognosis and treatment outcomes.BMC rheumatology · 2025Article
- Immunopathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Interplay of Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Microbiome Dysbiosis, and Emerging Therapeutic Targets.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2025Review
- Review
- No Increased Risk of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Patients with Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Study.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2025Article
- Unraveling the role of lncRNAs and their associated nearby coding genes in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus.Arthritis research & therapy · 2025Article
- The Complex Role of Gut Microbiota in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis: From Pathogenetic Factor to Therapeutic Target.Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Syk inhibitor attenuates lupus in FcγRIIbCell death discovery · 2025Article
- Exploring the Link Between Genetic Predictors of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Epstein-Barr Virus Infections.International journal of rheumatic diseases · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A causal link between viral infections and autoimmunity has been studied for a long time and the role of some viruses in the induction or exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in genetically predisposed patients has been proved. The strength of the association between different viral agents and SLE is variable. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are involved in SLE pathogenesis, whereas other viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV) probably play a less prominent role. However, the mechanisms of viral-host interactions and the impact of viruses on disease course have yet to be elucidated. In addition to classical mechanisms of viral-triggered autoimmunity, such as molecular mimicry and epitope spreading, there has been a growing appreciation of the role of direct activation of innate response by viral nucleic acids and epigenetic modulation of interferon-related immune response. The latter is especially important for HERVs, which may represent the molecular link between environmental triggers and critical immune genes. Virus-specific proteins modulating interaction with the host immune system have been characterized especially for Epstein-Barr virus and explain immune evasion, persistent infection and self-reactive B-cell "immortalization". Knowledge has also been expanding on key viral proteins of B19-V and CMV and their possible association with specific phenotypes such as antiphospholipid syndrome. This progress may pave the way to new therapeutic perspectives, including the use of known or new antiviral drugs, postviral immune response modulation and innate immunity inhibition. We herein describe the state-of-the-art knowledge on the role of viral infections in SLE, with a focus on their mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic targets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.