ArticleBiomedicines2021
Importance of the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis for Malignant Transformation and Risk Assessment of Oral Leukoplakia.
Article in Biomedicines, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Immune Checkpoint Expression in Predicting the Risk of Malignant Transformation in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders.International dental journal · 2026Pooled it
- Podoplanin Expression and the Risk of Malignant Transformation of Oral Pre-Malignant Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Head & neck · 2025Pooled it
- PD-L1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A key biomarker from the laboratory to the bedside.Clinical and experimental dental research · 2022Pooled it
- Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid After Anti-PD-1 Therapy: Risk-Stratified Management and Treatment Outcomes.International journal of dermatology · 2026Review
- Article
- Leukoplakia of oral cavity and urinary bladder are premalignant to squamous carcinoma.World journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Molecular and microenvironmental drivers of malignant transformation from oral potentially malignant disorders to oral squamous cell carcinoma.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- In situ treatment with a TLR9 agonist virus-like particle to promote immune responses against oral epithelial dysplasia progression.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Article
- PD-L1/PD-1 Expression in the Treatment of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders: An Overview of Reviews.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Advancing oral immunology for improving oral health.Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie · 2025Review
- Unravelling molecular mechanism of oral squamous cell carcinoma and genetic landscape: an insight into disease complexity, available therapies, and future considerations.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Alveolar bone loss is associated with oral cancer: a case-control study.Frontiers in oral health · 2025Article
- A Review of Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer.Journal of dental research · 2024Review
- Pathological examination of factors involved in PD-L1 expression in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.Maxillofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery · 2024Article
- Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Biofilm Samples and Clinical Association in Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Remission-A Pilot Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Single-cell RNA sequencing highlights the immunosuppression of IDO1Theranostics · 2024Article
- Expression of PD-L1 and p-RPS6 in epithelial dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.Frontiers in oral health · 2024Article
- Emerging histological and serological biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Applications in diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and personalized therapeutics (Review).Oncology reports · 2023Review
- Precancerous Lesions of the Head and Neck Region and Their Stromal Aberrations: Piecemeal Data.Cancers · 2023Review
- A meta-analysis reveals the protein profile associated with malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia.Frontiers in oral health · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe programmed cell death ligand 1/programmed cell death receptor 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) Immune Checkpoint is an important modulator of the immune response. Overexpression of the receptor and its ligands is involved in immunosuppression and the failure of an immune response against tumor cells. PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) compared to healthy oral mucosa (NOM) has already been demonstrated. However, little is known about its expression in oral precancerous lesions like oral leukoplakia (OLP). The aim of the study was to investigate whether an increased expression of PD-1/PD-L1 already exists in OLP and whether it is associated with malignant transformation. MATERIAL AND
methodsPD-1 and PD-L1 expression was immunohistologically analyzed separately in the epithelium (E) and the subepithelium (S) of OLP that had undergone malignant transformation within 5 years (T-OLP), in OLP without malignant transformation (N-OLP), in corresponding OSCC and in NOM. Additionally, RT-qPCR analysis for PD-L1 expression was done in the entire tissues. Additionally, the association between overexpression and malignant transformation, dysplasia and inflammation were examined.
resultsCompared to N-OLP, there were increased levels of PD-1 protein in the epithelial and subepithelial layers of T-OLP (p
conclusionIncreased levels of PD-1 and PD-L1 are related to malignant transformation in OLP and may represent a promising prognostic indicator to determine the risk of malignant progression of OLP. Increased PD-L1 levels might establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment, which could favor immune escape and thereby contribute to malignant transformation. Hence, checkpoint inhibitors could counteract tumor development in OLP and may serve as efficient therapeutic strategy in patients with high-risk precancerous lesions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.