ArticleCancers2021
Cross-Reactivity and Functionality of Approved Human Immune Checkpoint Blockers in Dogs.
Article in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Virus-like particles in cancer immunotherapy: bridging human and veterinary medicine through one health.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Nanobody-based canine PD-L1-targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy in dogs.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2025Article
- Barking up the right tree: Immune checkpoint signatures of human and dog cancers.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- High-resolution single-cell RNA sequencing using canFam4 reveals novel immune subsets and checkpoint programs in healthy dogs.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- CD86 is linked to apoptosis in canine histiocytic sarcoma.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Human immuno-therapeutics for cancer treatment of dogs?Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Prior corticosteroid treatment alters cPBMC composition and IFNγ response to immunotherapy in canine cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of Microsatellite Instability in Canine Cancers: Implications for Comparative Oncology and Personalized Veterinary Medicine.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Checkpoint Inhibitors in Dogs: Are We There Yet?Cancers · 2024Review
- Comparative characterization of two monoclonal antibodies targeting canine PD-1.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Programmed Cell Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Immunohistochemical Expression in Equine Melanocytic Tumors.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Development and characterization of mouse anti-canine PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies and their expression in canine tumors by immunohistochemistryThe veterinary quarterly · 2023Article
- Oncolytic virotherapy with intratumoral injection of vaccinia virus TG6002 and 5-fluorocytosine administration in dogs with malignant tumors.Molecular therapy oncolytics · 2023Article
- Deciphering Stromal Changes between Metastatic and Non-metastatic Canine Mammary Carcinomas.Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia · 2023Article
- Molecular Profile of Canine Hemangiosarcoma and Potential Novel Therapeutic Targets.Veterinary sciences · 2023Review
- Potential Promises and Perils of Human Biological Treatments for Immunotherapy in Veterinary Oncology.Veterinary sciences · 2023Review
- Defucosylated mouse‑dog chimeric anti‑HER2 monoclonal antibody exerts antitumor activities in mouse xenograft models of canine tumors.Oncology reports · 2022Article
- Role of NK-Like CD8Infection and immunity · 2022Article
- Neoadjuvant in situ vaccination with cowpea mosaic virus as a novel therapy against canine inflammatory mammary cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRodent cancer models have limitations in predicting efficacy, tolerability and accompanying biomarkers of ICIs in humans. Companion dogs suffering from neoplastic diseases have gained attention as a highly relevant translational disease model. Despite successful reports of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in dogs, no compounds are available for veterinary medicine.
methodsHere, we assessed suitability of seven FDA-approved human ICIs to target CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 in dogs. Cross-reactivity and blocking potential was assessed using ELISA and flow cytometry. Functional responses were assessed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from healthy donors (
resultsFour candidates showed cross-reactivity and two blocked the interaction of canine PD-1 and PD-L1. Of those, only atezolizumab significantly increased cytokine production of healthy and patient derived PBMCs in vitro. Especially lymphoma patient PBMCs responded with increased cytokine production. In other types of cancer, response to atezolizumab appeared to correlate with a lower frequency of CD8 T cells.
conclusionsCross-functionality of atezolizumab encourages reverse translational efforts using (combination) immunotherapies in companion dog tumor patients to benefit both veterinary and human medicine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.