ReviewCancers2021
Prostaglandin E2 Receptor 4 (EP4) as a Therapeutic Target to Impede Breast Cancer-Associated Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis.
Review in Cancers, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ablation of prostaglandin ENature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Immunometabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment.BioMed research international · 2026Review
- The Role of Prostaglandins as Major Inflammatory Mediators in Colorectal Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Investigating the effects of miR-526b and miR-655 on doxorubicin sensitivity in breast cancer.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- HIF-1α-Mediated Disruption of Cellular Junctions: The Impact of Hypoxia on the Tumor Microenvironment and Invasion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- A phase I dose-escalation and expansion study of RMX1002, a selective E-type prostanoid receptor 4 antagonist, as monotherapy and in combination with anti-PD-1 antibody in advanced solid tumors.Investigational new drugs · 2025Article
- miR-526b enhances glucose metabolism in breast cancer cells, an effect reversed by targeting the COX-2/EP4 pathway.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- miR-141-3p inhibited BPA-induced proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells through PTGER4.Cytotechnology · 2025Article
- GPCRs: emerging targets for novel T cell immune checkpoint therapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2024Review
- [Role of COX-2/PGE2/EP4 Axis-induced Macrophage Functional Activation in NSCLC Development].Zhongguo fei ai za zhi = Chinese journal of lung cancer · 2024Article
- The global landscape and research trend of lymphangiogenesis in breast cancer: a bibliometric analysis and visualization.Frontiers in oncology · 2024Review
- Angiogenesis in Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection: A Literature Review.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Review
- Small molecule inhibitors for cancer metabolism: promising prospects to be explored.Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology · 2023Review
- The Ah Receptor from Toxicity to Therapeutics: Report from the 5th AHR Meeting at Penn State University, USA, June 2022.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Prostanoid Signaling in Cancers: Expression and Regulation Patterns of Enzymes and Receptors.Biology · 2022Article
- A vicious circle in breast cancer: The interplay between inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and microRNAs.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Review
- The Downregulation of PTGS2 Mediated by ncRNAs is Tightly Correlated with Systemic Sclerosis-Interstitial Lung Disease.Frontiers in genetics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The formation of new blood (angiogenesis) and lymphatic (lymphangiogenesis) vessels are major events associated with most epithelial malignancies, including breast cancer. Angiogenesis is essential for cancer cell survival. Lymphangiogenesis is critical in maintaining tumoral interstitial fluid balance and importing tumor-facilitatory immune cells. Both vascular routes also serve as conduits for cancer metastasis. Intratumoral hypoxia promotes both events by stimulating multiple angiogenic/lymphangiogenic growth factors. Studies on tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and its exploitation for therapy have received less attention from the research community than those on angiogenesis. Inflammation is a key mediator of both processes, hijacked by many cancers by the aberrant expression of the inflammation-associated enzyme cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2. In this review, we focus on breast cancer and showed that COX-2 is a major promoter of both events, primarily resulting from the activation of prostaglandin (PG) E receptor EP4 on tumor cells, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, and endothelial cells; and the induction of oncogenic microRNAs. The COX-2/EP4 pathway also promotes additional events in breast cancer progression, such as cancer cell migration, invasion, and the stimulation of stem-like cells. Based on a combination of studies using multiple breast cancer models, we show that EP4 antagonists hold a major promise in breast cancer therapy in combination with other modalities including immune check-point inhibitors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.