ArticleAddictive behaviors2021
Longitudinal assessment of PTSD and illicit drug use among male and female OEF-OIF veterans.
Article in Addictive behaviors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- An Evidence Map of the Women Veterans' Health Literature, 2016 to 2023: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- A 20-year longitudinal cohort study of post-traumatic stress disorder in World Trade Center responders.Nature. Mental health · 2025Article
- Multi-level socioeconomic modifiers of the comorbidity of post-traumatic stress and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use: the importance of income.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology · 2025Article
- Using Passive and Active Data to Predict Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Cannabis Use in Recently Discharged UK Veterans: A Protocol for the MAVERICK Feasibility Study.Mental health science · 2024Article
- Post-traumatic stress and future substance use outcomes: leveraging antecedent factors to stratify risk.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Sex-Based Contributors to and Consequences of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.Current psychiatry reports · 2023Review
- The role of PTSD symptom clusters and criterion in predicting future high-risk drug and alcohol use among returning veteran men and women.Psychological services · 2022Article
- Relationship between Socio-Demographic Factors and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross Sectional Study among Civilian Participants' Hostilities in Ukraine.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Hazardous Substance Use Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adults: A Deeper Look into Distal Minority Stressors.Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use share both directional ("self-medication") and mutually-reinforcing associations over time. Research on gender differences regarding the co-occurrence of PTSD and substance use over time remains limited and largely focused on alcohol use; less is known regarding the co-occurrence of PTSD and illicit drug use, especially among veteran men vs. women. As the proportion of women in the military expands, we believe a greater focus on gender differences is warranted.
methodWe conducted a cross-lagged panel analysis of PTSD symptoms and drug use problems using two waves of data from a large, nationwide longitudinal registry of post-9/11 veterans. Participants included 608 men and 635 women (N = 1243; M
resultsVeteran men reported more severe drug use and related problems overall, yet the cross-sectional correlation between PTSD and drug use problems was strongest among drug using veteran women. In our cross-lagged models, we found that PTSD symptoms predicted future drug use problems among veteran men, whereas drug use problems predicted future PTSD symptom severity among women.
conclusionsThese results support the self-medication pathway among veteran men but not women, for whom drug use problems might prolong or exacerbate PTSD symptom severity over time. These results are consistent with some emerging evidence but also provide novel insight into functional associations governing the longitudinal course of PTSD and drug use problems for men vs. women.
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