Trial reportThe Journal of clinical investigation2021
Immunoregulatory and lipid presentation pathways are upregulated in human face transplant rejection.
Trial report in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT01281267 (Transplantation of Allograft Face or Facial Subunit for Treatment of Severe Facial Deformation), which is not on this map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Transplantation of Allograft Face or Facial Subunit for Treatment of Severe Facial Deformation
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diagnostic modalities in vascularized composite allotransplantation: from histopathology to multimodal strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- New Paradigms in Rejection Monitoring: Lymphocyte Subsets as Noninvasive Graft Markers in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Novel insights and an updated review of metabolic syndrome in immune-mediated organ transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- A comparative analysis of lesional skin, sentinel flap, and mucosal biopsies in assessing acute face transplant rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Exploring immune response toward transplanted human kidney tissues assembled from organoid building blocks.iScience · 2024Article
- Molecular Signature Associated With Acute Rejection in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation.Transplantation direct · 2024Article
- Depletion of donor dendritic cells ameliorates immunogenicity of both skin and hind limb transplants.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Immunogenicity and tolerance induction in vascularized composite allotransplantation.Frontiers in transplantation · 2024Review
- Transcriptome profiling of immune rejection mechanisms in a porcine vascularized composite allotransplantation model.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Low-dose interleukin-2 promotes immune regulation in face transplantation: A pilot study.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2023Article
- Hedgehog costimulation during ischemia-reperfusion injury potentiates cytokine and homing responses of CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Cellular activation pathways and interaction networks in vascularized composite allotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Functionalizing multi-component bioink with platelet-rich plasma for customizedMaterials today. Bio · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUNDRejection is the primary barrier to broader implementation of vascularized composite allografts (VCAs), including face and limb transplants. The immunologic pathways activated in face transplant rejection have not been fully characterized.METHODSUsing skin biopsies prospectively collected over 9 years from 7 face transplant patients, we studied rejection by gene expression profiling, histology, immunostaining, and T cell receptor sequencing.RESULTSGrade 1 rejection did not differ significantly from nonrejection, suggesting that it does not represent a pathologic state. In grade 2, there was a balanced upregulation of both proinflammatory T cell activation pathways and antiinflammatory checkpoint and immunomodulatory pathways, with a net result of no tissue injury. In grade 3, IFN-γ-driven inflammation, antigen-presenting cell activation, and infiltration of the skin by proliferative T cells bearing markers of antigen-specific activation and cytotoxicity tipped the balance toward tissue injury. Rejection of VCAs and solid organ transplants had both distinct and common features. VCA rejection was uniquely associated with upregulation of immunoregulatory genes, including SOCS1; induction of lipid antigen-presenting CD1 proteins; and infiltration by T cells predicted to recognize CD1b and CD1c.CONCLUSIONOur findings suggest that the distinct features of VCA rejection reflect the unique immunobiology of skin and that enhancing cutaneous immunoregulatory networks may be a useful strategy in combatting rejection.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01281267.FUNDINGAssistant Secretary of Defense and Health Affairs, through Reconstructive Transplant Research (W81XWH-17-1-0278, W81XWH-16-1-0647, W81XWH-16-1-0689, W81XWH-18-1-0784, W81XWH-1-810798); American Society of Transplantation's Transplantation and Immunology Research Network Fellowship Research Grant; Plastic Surgery Foundation Fellowship from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons; Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF15OC0014092); Lundbeck Foundation; Aage Bangs Foundation; A.P. Moller Foundation for the Advancement of Medical Science; NIH UL1 RR025758.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.