ArticleBrain and behavior2021
The neurocognitive profile of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and PTSD with comorbid MDD.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Examining the relationship between pre-treatment anhedonia and treatment outcomes in individuals with anxiety or depression: A systematic review.Journal of affective disorders · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Use of the National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognition Battery in Clinical Populations.Neuropsychology review · 2026Pooled it
- Assessing neurocognitive outcomes in PTSD: a multilevel meta-analytical approach.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2025Pooled it
- Modelling post-traumatic stress disorder-major depressive disorder comorbidity in rats: impaired α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor signalling is consistent with synergistic behavioural and cognitive deficits.European journal of psychotraumatology · 2026Article
- The moderating role of psychological resilience on brain aging and PTSD in a community sample of South African women.Neuroscience · 2026Article
- Posttraumatic stress disorder, major depression, and mild cognitive impairment: A cohort study of world trade center responders.Psychiatry research · 2026Article
- Negative symptoms, cognition, and community functioning in early psychosis.Schizophrenia research · 2025Article
- The Relationship Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Executive Function for Those in Recovery from Opioid Use Disorder: A Brief Report of a Pilot Study.Journal of family violence · 2025Article
- Psychological resilience and post-traumatic stress disorder as chain mediators between personality traits and cognitive functioning in patients with breast cancer.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- The neurocognitive profile of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and PTSD with comorbid MDD.Brain and behavior · 2021Article
- Assessing Clinically Significant Cognitive Impairment Using the NIH Toolbox in Individuals with Co-occurring Serious Mental Illness and Alcohol Use Disorder.Journal of addiction medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveNeurocognitive dysfunction has been associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). However, although PTSD is often comorbid with MDD, there is little neurocognitive work to date on individuals who suffer from both PTSD and MDD. Here, we compared neurocognitive domains in individuals with PTSD, MDD, and comorbid PTSD and MDD with those of healthy controls.
methodsParticipants comprised of mothers enrolled in the Drakenstein Child Health Study, a study exploring child health determinants in the Drakenstein district, Western Cape. N = 175 mothers (between 18 and 50 years) were recruited and divided into 4 groups: PTSD, MDD, PTSD with MDD, and healthy controls. Participants were assessed using the computerized NIH Toolbox, and paper and pencil neurocognitive tests. Domains assessed included executive function, memory, attention, learning, and processing speed.
resultsDistinct patterns of neurocognitive dysfunction were observed in this sample. PTSD was associated with more intrusion errors and MDD was associated with delayed recall impairment, relative to healthy controls. PTSD with comorbid MDD was associated with processing speed impairments, relative to healthy controls, and monodiagnostic groups. No group differences were observed on measures of attention and executive function.
conclusionDistinct patterns of neurocognitive dysfunction were associated with diagnoses of MDD and PTSD. Greater anticipated dysfunction and impairment in comorbid PTSD and MDD was not observed, however. Further work is needed to replicate and extend these findings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.