Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33666097›Full record

ReviewJournal of diabetes science and technology2022

Adherence and Persistence to Insulin Therapy in People with Diabetes: Impact of Connected Insulin Pen Delivery Ecosystem.

Devin Steenkamp, Elizabeth L Eby, Nany Gulati, Birong Liao

Open access · bronzeAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.2field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Insulin Efsitora Versus Degludec in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Using Basal Insulin: QWINT-3 Japan Subgroup Analysis.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026
    Article
  3. Insulin Injection Behaviors and Association with Glycemic Outcomes in Patients with Diabetes: A Real-World Survey in Spain.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Observational
  6. Connected Insulin Pens and Pen Caps: Expanding Diabetes Technology Access and Adoption.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Insulin Therapy for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review of Innovative Treatment Strategies.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2023
    Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.

Devin SteenkampBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7132-3657
Elizabeth L EbyEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Nany GulatiEli Lilly Services India Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, KA, India.
Birong LiaoEli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
Eli Lilly (United States) · USEli Lilly (India) · IN

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Diabetes is an increasing public health problem, and insulin is the mainstay for treatment of type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes treatment, insulin therapy is used after oral or other injectable agents become inadequate to achieve glycemic control. Despite the advances in insulin therapy, management of diabetes remains challenging. Numerous studies have reported low adherence and persistence to insulin therapy, which acts as a barrier to successful glycemic control and diabetes management. The aim of this targeted review article is to provide an overview of adherence and persistence to insulin therapy in people with diabetes and to discuss the impact of the emergence of a new connected ecosystem of increasingly sophisticated insulin pens, glucose monitoring systems, telemedicine, and mHealth on diabetes management. With the emergence of a connected diabetes ecosystem, we have entered an era of advanced personalized insulin delivery, which will have the potential to enhance diabetes self-management and clinical management. Early systems promise to unlock the potential to address missed or late bolus insulin delivery, which should help to address non-adherence and non-persistence. Over time, improvements in this ecosystem have the potential to combine insulin data with previously missing contextualized patient data, including meal, glucose, and activity data to support personalized clinical decisions and ultimately revolutionize insulin therapy.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2InsulinBlood GlucoseBlood Glucose Self-MonitoringEcosystemHumansHypoglycemic AgentsBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsInsulinadherenceand persistencediabetesdigital healthinsulinmobile apps

Identifiers

PMID33666097
PMCPMC9264450
OpenAlexW3134145428

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.