ArticleSSM - population health2021
Evaluating associations between area-level Twitter-expressed negative racial sentiment, hate crimes, and residents' racial prejudice in the United States.
Article in SSM - population health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Observational
- How Xenophobia Shapes Political Party Support: Evidence from COVID-19 in Canada.Race and social problems · 2026Article
- Decoding Digital Discourse Through Multimodal Text and Image Machine Learning Models to Classify Sentiment and Detect Hate Speech in Race- and Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual Community-Related Posts on Social Media: Quantitative Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Exposure to hate in online and traditional media: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of this exposure on individuals and communities.Campbell systematic reviews · 2025Review
- (Re)conceptualizing structural stigma: Insights from a qualitative study of sexual minority men in a longitudinal, population-based cohort.Stigma and health · 2024Article
- From Tweets to Streets: Observational Study on the Association Between Twitter Sentiment and Anti-Asian Hate Crimes in New York City from 2019 to 2022.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Observational
- Effects of extreme temperatures on public sentiment in 49 Chinese cities.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The Pulse of Long COVID on Twitter: A Social Network Analysis.Archives of Iranian medicine · 2024Article
- Examining Twitter-Derived Negative Racial Sentiment as Indicators of Cultural Racism: Observational Associations With Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight Among a Multiracial Sample of Mothers, 2011-2021.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Article
- Structural racism and homophobia evaluated through social media sentiment combined with activity spaces and associations with mental health among young sexual minority men.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Ageism and late-life mortality: How community matters.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Online Hate: The New Virus.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Progress and push-back: How the killings of Ahmaud Arbery, Breonna Taylor, and George Floyd impacted public discourse on race and racism on Twitter.SSM - population health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe objective of the current study is to investigate whether an area-level measure of racial sentiment derived from Twitter data is associated with state-level hate crimes and existing measures of racial prejudice at the individual-level.
methodsWe collected 30,977,757 tweets from June 2015-July 2018 containing at least one keyword pertaining to specific groups (Asians, Arabs, Blacks, Latinos, Whites). We characterized sentiment of each tweet (negative vs all other) and averaged at the state-level. These racial sentiment measures were merged with other measures based on: hate crime data from the FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program; implicit and explicit racial bias indicators from Project Implicit; and racial attitudes questions from General Social Survey (GSS).
resultsLiving in a state with 10% higher negative sentiment in tweets referencing Blacks was associated with 0.57 times the odds of endorsing a GSS question that Black-White disparities in jobs, income, and housing were due to discrimination (95% CI: 0.40, 0.83); 1.64 times the odds of endorsing the belief that disparities were due to lack to will (95% CI: 0.95, 2.84); higher explicit racial bias (β: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.18); and higher implicit racial bias (β: 0.09; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.14). Twitter-expressed racial sentiment was not statistically-significantly associated with incidence of state-level hate crimes against Blacks (IRR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.52, 1.90), but this analysis was likely underpowered due to rarity of reported hate crimes.
conclusionLeveraging timely data sources for measuring area-level racial sentiment can provide new opportunities for investigating the impact of racial bias on society and health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.