SynthesisScientific reports2021
The association between gestational diabetes and ASD and ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 112 citations in OpenAlex.
- The impact of maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnosis and symptoms in offspring: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Adverse Maternal and Neonatal Health Outcomes: an Umbrella review of Meta-Analyses.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- Preexisting diabetes and gestational diabetes as risk factors for autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- The association between maternal diabetes and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Gestational diabetes and risk of perinatal depression in low- and middle-income countries: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- The effect of circulating adiponectin levels on incident gestational diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta‑analysis.Annals of medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Polyphenol Intake in Pregnant Women on Gestational Diabetes Risk and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Offspring: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2022Pooled it
- Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review & meta-analysis.The Indian journal of medical research · 2021Pooled it
- Mother and child health 4.5 years after gestational diabetes mellitus managed using tight or less tight targets for glycaemic control: Post-hoc follow-up study of the TARGET trial.PLoS medicine · 2026Trial
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia to predict neurodevelopmental impairment in infants born extremely preterm.Pediatric research · 2025Trial
- Maternal glycaemia and child educational attainment at age 5 in the Born in Bradford cohort.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Article
- Evaluation of maternal health literacy and its impact on pregnancy outcomes: A longitudinal study in a tertiary care hospital, Karachi.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Observational
- Elevated maternal testosterone induces sex-specific neurodevelopmental changes and ASD-related behavioral phenotypes in rat offspring.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Review
- Research advances on the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on offspring neurodevelopment.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2026Review
- Neurodevelopmental outcomes of children born to diabetic mothers in the Qatari population: a retrospective study.BMJ paediatrics open · 2026Article
- Child Autism Spectrum Disorder Following Maternal Abuse and Trauma History.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Gestational diabetes mellitus and the risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a population-based retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in clinical diabetes and healthcare · 2026Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is growing evidence for a role of maternal diabetes in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the specific association between gestational diabetes (GDM), as opposed to pre-gestational diabetes, has been poorly isolated. Thus the aim was to systematically review and meta-analyse literature pertaining to prevalence and risk for two neurodevelopmental disorders: autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), when exposed to GDM. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL were systematically searched for eligible literature, with forward and backward citation tracking. Screening for eligibility, risk of bias assessment and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. 18 studies measuring ASD and 15 measuring ADHD met inclusion criteria. On meta-analysis there was an increased risk of ASD (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.22, 1.65) but not ADHD (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.79, 1.28). We discuss potential mechanisms for these differing risks. Greater understanding of risk factors, including GDM, for these neurodevelopmental disorders and potential mechanisms may help inform strategies aimed at prevention of exposure to these adversities during pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.