ArticleClinical lung cancer2021
Outcomes of Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease Receiving Programmed Cell Death 1 Inhibitors: A Retrospective Case Series.
Article in Clinical lung cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Reprogrammed Fibrotic Niche Fuels Lung Cancer Initiation and Reciprocal Remodeling.International journal of biological sciences · 2026Review
- Impact of antiemetic steroid use on survival in small cell lung cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors: From friend to foe.Toxicology reports · 2025Article
- Risk factors and management of lung cancer in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A comprehensive review.Sarcoidosis, vasculitis, and diffuse lung diseases : official journal of WASOG · 2025Article
- Inhibitor of PD-1/PD-L1: a new approach may be beneficial for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- Expression of PD-1/PD-L1 axis in mediastinal lymph nodes and lung tissue of human and experimental lung fibrosis indicates a potential therapeutic target for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.Respiratory research · 2023Article
- Management of Lung Cancer in the Patient with Interstitial Lung Disease.The oncologist · 2023Review
- The Interplay of Lung Cancer, COVID-19, and Vaccines.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Lung Cancer in the Setting of Interstitial Lung Disease.Radiologic clinics of North America · 2022Review
- Pulmonary adverse events following immune checkpoint inhibitors.Current opinion in pulmonary medicine · 2022Review
- Immune-checkpoint inhibitors: long-term implications of toxicity.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2022Review
- The oncogenic landscape of the idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a narrative review.Translational lung cancer research · 2022Review
- Co-Inhibitory Molecules - Their Role in Health and Autoimmunity; Highlighted by Immune Related Adverse Events.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, are used to treat multiple cancers. Limited data exist as to the use of ICIs in patients with coexistent interstitial lung disease (ILD). We conducted a retrospective case series to assess clinical and radiologic outcomes of patients with ILD treated with PD-1 inhibitors.
methodsEligible patients were 18 years of age or older, treated with pembrolizumab or nivolumab for oncologic indications, and had evidence of ILD on chest computed tomography scan not attributable to radiotherapy before initiation of ICI therapy. Outcomes of interest included mortality, hospitalizations for respiratory-related causes, development of pneumonitis, and radiologic change in ILD over a 1-year follow-up period.
resultsWe included 41 patients in the analysis. At 1 year, 17 patients (41.5%) were alive, 23 had died (56.1%), and 1 (2.4%) was lost to follow-up. Of 23 deaths, 16 (69.6%) were due to cancer, 4 (17.4%) to causes excluding cancer and ILD, and 3 (13.0%) to hypoxemic respiratory failure from ILD- or ICI-induced pneumonitis. Three patients (7.3%) required hospitalization owing to ILD, including drug-induced pneumonitis, and 3 (7.3%) developed pneumonitis attributable to anti-PD-1 therapy. On follow-up computed tomography scans, 32 patients (78.0%) had stable or improved ILD and 9 (22.0%) had progression.
conclusionPatients with ILD receiving PD-1 inhibitors more frequently died of cancer-related causes than from ILD. Further research is needed to determine the safety of ICIs in patients with ILD and if ILD subtype may help to refine ICI-associated risks.
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