ReviewArchives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique2021
Evaluating level of adherence to nicotine replacement therapy and its impact on smoking cessation: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Review in Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed.
- Efficacy and Safety of NFL-101 as a Smoking Cessation Therapy: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial CESTO2.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Trial
- Daily use of nicotine replacement medications is related to daily smoking status: An ecological momentary assessment study.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2021Trial
- Mixed Methods Process Evaluation of Behavioral Support and Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smokeless Tobacco Cessation in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2026Article
- National Wastewater Surveillance of Illicit Tobacco and Vaping Use Trends in Australia.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Real-world effectiveness of cytisine, bupropion, and nicotine replacement therapy in a smoking cessation clinic: A single-center retrospective cohort study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People Who Smoke and Want to Quit-A Cohort Profile From the Koori Quit Pack study.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2025Article
- Targeted distribution of nicotine patches by mail to rural regions of Canada: Predictors of patch use.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2025Article
- Smokers' Characteristics Associated with Successful Smoking Cessation Undergoing Pharmacotherapy in Slovenia.Zdravstveno varstvo · 2024Article
- Personalized and adaptive interventions for smoking cessation: Emerging trends and determinants of efficacy.iScience · 2024Review
- Association of smoking cessation patterns and untreated smoking with glaucoma, cataract, and macular degeneration: a population-based retrospective study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The trajectory of smoking cessation after treatment and its related factors in Taiwan.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Provision of E-Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy: Perceptions and Experiences of Pregnant Women from Two UK Sites.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Implementing E-Cigarettes as an Alternate Smoking Cessation Tool during Pregnancy: A Process Evaluation at Two UK Sites.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Challenges in legitimizing further measures against smoking in jurisdictions with robust infrastructure for tobacco control: how far can the authorities allow themselves to go?Harm reduction journal · 2024Article
- Smoking Cessation Counseling in Practice: A Qualitative Analysis of Quitline Conversations in Queensland, Australia.Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education · 2024Article
- Use of the Therapy App Prescinde for Increasing Adherence to Smoking Cessation Treatment.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Varenicline Combined With Oral Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Smartphone-Based Medication Reminders for Smoking Cessation: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Attitudes and practices of health care providers towards improving adherence to smoking cessation medications in Australia: A descriptive study.Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals · 2023Article
- Development of "Baby, Me, & NRT": A Behavioral Intervention to Improve the Effectiveness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Pregnancy.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2023Article
- Influence of oral tobacco versus smoking on multiple sclerosis disease activity and progression.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNicotine replacement therapy (NRT) has proven effect in assisting smoking cessation. However, its effectiveness varies across studies and population groups. This may be due to differences in the rate of adherence. Hence, this review aims to examine the level of adherence to NRT and to assess if the level of adherence to NRT affects success of smoking cessation.
methodsA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using studies retrieved from five electronic databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of science, and PsycINFO) and grey literature. Pooled analysis was conducted using Stata version 16 software. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool. Analyses were done among those studies that used similar measurements to assess level of adherence and successful smoking cessation. Heterogeneity of studies was assessed using the Higgins' I
resultsA total of 7521 adult participants of 18 years old and above from 16 studies were included in the analysis. Level of adherence to NRT among participants of randomised controlled trials were found to be 61% (95% CI, 54-68%), p-value of < 0.001 and I
conclusionsThis review highlights a low level of adherence to NRT among participants of population-based studies and pregnant women as compared to clinical trials. Moreover, the review illustrated a strong association between adherence and successful smoking cessation. Hence, it is recommended to implement and assess large scale interventions to improve adherence. Health programs and policies are recommended to integrate the issue of adherence to NRT as a core component of smoking cessation interventions.
trial registrationPROSPERO registration number: CRD42020176749 . Registered on 28 April 2020.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.