ArticlePloS one2021
Construction, characterization, and immunization of nanoparticles that display a diverse array of influenza HA trimers.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Computational Design and Expression of Headless Influenza Hemagglutinin Antigens Toward a Modular Universal Nanoparticle Vaccine.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A designed overlapping variant immunogen pool elicits broad sarbecovirus neutralization.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- mRNA delivery of mosaic-8 pan-sarbecovirus RBD vaccines elicits distinct antibody epitope signatures.Cell reports · 2026Article
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- Hemagglutinin-displaying influenza nanovaccines: progress and promise.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- Immunogenicity Enhancement via Self-Assembled mi3 Nanoparticles Displaying ESAT-6 Antigen.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Article
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- mRNA delivery of genetically encoded mosaic-8 pan-sarbecovirus RBD vaccines.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- A novel nanoparticle vaccine, based on S1-CTD, elicits robust protective immune responses against porcine deltacoronavirus.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Immune responses underpinning acute co-infections with unrelated viruses: timing and location matter.International immunology · 2025Review
- Colloidal Crystallization of Virus-Like Particles with Polycations.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Mpox multiprotein virus-like nanoparticle vaccine induces neutralizing and protective antibodies in mice and non-human primates.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Elicitation of liver-stage immunity by nanoparticle immunogens displaying P. falciparum CSP-derived antigens.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Structure-based Design of Chimeric Influenza Hemagglutinins to Elicit Cross-group Immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
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- Computationally designed stem-epitope mimetics elicit broadly reactive antibodies.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines do not elicit broadly protective immune responses against multiple strains. New strategies to focus the humoral immune response to conserved regions on influenza antigens are therefore required for recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies. It has been suggested that B-cells with receptors that recognize conserved epitopes would be preferentially stimulated through avidity effects by mosaic particles presenting multiple forms of a variable antigen. We adapted SpyCatcher-based platforms, AP205 virus-like particles (VLPs) and mi3 nanoparticles (NPs), to covalently co-display SpyTagged hemagglutinin (HA) trimers from group 1 and group 2 influenza A strains. Here we show successful homotypic and heterotypic conjugation of up to 8 different HA trimers to both VLPs and NPs. We characterized the HA-VLPs and HA-NPs by cryo-electron tomography to derive the average number of conjugated HAs and their separation distances on particles, and compared immunizations of mosaic and homotypic particles in wild-type mice. Both types of HA particles elicited strong antibody responses, but the mosaic particles did not consistently elicit broader immune responses than mixtures of homotypic particles. We conclude that covalent attachment of HAs from currently-circulating influenza strains represents a viable alternative to current annual influenza vaccine strategies, but in the absence of further modifications, is unlikely to represent a method for making a universal influenza vaccine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.