Observational studyEuropean geriatric medicine2021
Phenotypic frailty and multimorbidity are independent 18-year mortality risk indicators in older men : The Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS).
Observational study in European geriatric medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Association of frailty and mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 59 international prospective cohort studies.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- The association between statins and gait speed reserve in older adults: effects of concomitant medication.GeroScience · 2026Observational
- Development and validation of a nomogram for predicting frailty among older adults with multimorbidity in the emergency department.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Frailty and transitions across cardiometabolic disease states: evidence from multistate models in a 16-year Chinese cohort.npj aging · 2025Article
- Frailty trajectories and mortality risk in community-dwelling older adults: a 9-year follow-up study.European geriatric medicine · 2025Article
- Interactions between patterns of multimorbidity and functional status among hospitalized older patients: a novel approach using cluster analysis and association rule mining.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- Frailty and Survivability of Polish Caucasian Nonagenarians and Centenarians.Geriatrics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Management of Older Patients with Head and Neck Cancer: A Comprehensive Review.Advances in therapy · 2023Review
- Body-mass index and risk of obesity-related complex multimorbidity: an observational multicohort study.The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2022Observational
- Article
- Improving the prognostic value of multimorbidity through the integration of selected biomarkers to the comprehensive geriatric assessment: An observational retrospective monocentric study.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Article
- The utilization of specialized healthcare services among frail older adults in the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study.Annals of medicine · 2021Article
- Risk of sarcopenia in hospitalized patients and related clinical factors: a multicenter study from Turkey.European geriatric medicine · 2021Article
- Clusters of Physical Frailty and Cognitive Impairment and Their Associated Comorbidities in Older Primary Care Patients.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeMultimorbidity, prefrailty, and frailty are frequent in ageing populations, but their independent relationships to long-term prognosis in home-dwelling older people are not well recognised.
methodsIn the Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS) men with high socioeconomic status (born 1919-1934, n = 3490) have been followed-up from midlife. In 2000, multimorbidity (≥ 2 conditions), phenotypic prefrailty and frailty were determined in 1365 home-dwelling men with median age of 73 years). Disability was assessed as a possible confounder. 18-year mortality follow-up was established from registers and Cox regression used for analyses.
resultsOf the men, 433 (31.7%) were nonfrail and without multimorbidity at baseline (reference group), 500 (36.6%) and 82 (6.0%) men had prefrailty or frailty, respectively, without multimorbidity, 84 (6.2%) men had multimorbidity only, and 201 (14.7%) and 65 (4.8%) men had prefrailty or frailty together with multimorbidity. Only 30 (2.2%) and 86 (6.3%) showed signs of ADL or mobility disability. In the fully adjusted analyses (including ADL disability, mental and cognitive status) of 18-year mortality, frailty without multimorbidity (hazard ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.31) was associated with similar mortality risk than multimorbidity without frailty (1.55, 1.17-2.06). The presence of both frailty and multimorbidity indicated a strong mortality risk (2.93, 2.10-4.07).
conclusionAlthough multimorbidity is generally considered a substantial health problem, our long-term observational study emphasises that phenotypic frailty alone, independently of disability, may be associated with a similar risk, and a combination of multimorbidity and frailty is an especially strong predictor of mortality.
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