ReviewEndocrine2021
Therapy options for adrenal insufficiency and recommendations for the management of adrenal crisis.
Review in Endocrine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
44 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- [Clinical practice guidelines "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia in children" with comments].Problemy endokrinologii · 2026Guideline
- Group education improves self-management of adrenal insufficiency in patients and their relative.Endocrine connections · 2026Article
- Review
- [Clinical and genetic characteristics of 165 children with salt-wasting 21-hydroxylase deficiency in Henan Province].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2026Article
- European Reference Networks - a flagship activity of the EU in the field of rare and complex diseases: from 2017 to 2025.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2026Review
- Primary adrenocortical insufficiency in patients with AIDS in Wuhan, China: 3 cases report and literature review.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Review
- Identifying Knowledge Gaps in Individuals With Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Critical Step in Preventing Adrenal Crisis.Clinical endocrinology · 2025Article
- Leukocytosis may be an indicator of replacement with supraphysiological dose in adrenal insufficiency: relationship with comorbidities and impaired muscle strength.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Article
- Non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia: current insights into clinical implications, diagnosis and treatment.Endocrine · 2025Review
- Mineralocorticoid effects of fludrocortisone and hydrocortisone in primary adrenal insufficiency: EU-AIR patient data.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2025Observational
- A case of adrenal insufficiency presenting with seizures, complicated by developmental cerebral venous anomaly and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2025Article
- An Analysis of Post-Adrenalectomy Dynamics in MACS (Mild Autonomous Cortisol Secretion)-Positive Adrenal Tumours: The Biomarkers and Clinical Impact.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Factors influencing self-management of adrenal crisis in patients with adrenal insufficiency: a qualitative study.Endocrine connections · 2025Article
- What Does Pharmaceutical 3D Printing Cost? A Framework and Case Study with Hydrocortisone for Adrenal Insufficiency.PharmacoEconomics - open · 2025Article
- Clinical Manifestations and Challenges in Adolescent and Adult Females With Classic Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Due to 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Review
- Treatment and Prevention of Adrenal Crisis and Family EducationJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2025Review
- Retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors-induced adrenal insufficiency.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Article
- Patient and caregiver experiences with hydrocortisone injections in adrenal crisis: a mixed-methods cross-sectional study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Observational
- Comparison of prednisolone and alternative glucocorticoid dosing protocols for canine hypoadrenocorticism: insights from a survey-based study.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Fertility in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: a review.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 8 institutions in 7 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a life-threatening condition requiring life-long glucocorticoid (GC) substitution therapy, as well as stress adaptation to prevent adrenal crises. The number of individuals with primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency in Europe is estimated to be 20-50/100.000. A growing number of AI cases are due to side effects of GC treatment used in different treatment strategies for cancer and to immunotherapy in cancer treatment. The benefit of hormone replacement therapy is evident but long-term adverse effects may arise due to the non-physiological GC doses and treatment regimens used. Given multiple GC replacement formulations available comprising short-acting, intermediate, long-acting and novel modified-release hydrocortisone as well as subcutaneous formulations, this review offers a concise summary on the latest therapeutic improvements for treatment of AI and prevention of adrenal crises. As availability of various glucocorticoid formulations and access to expert centers across Europe varies widely, European Reference Networks on rare endocrine conditions aim at harmonizing treatment and ensure access to specialized patient care for individual case-by-case treatment decisions. To improve the availability across Europe to cost effective oral and parenteral formulations of hydrocortisone will save lives.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.