ReviewNeuropsychiatric disease and treatment2021
Treatment Efficacy and Clinical Effectiveness of EEG Neurofeedback as a Personalized and Multimodal Treatment in ADHD: A Critical Review.
Review in Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of physical activity on attention in school-age children with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Pooled it
- Results of Neurofeedback in Treatment of Children with ADHD: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2022Pooled it
- Slow-Oscillation Neurofeedback: A Narrative Review on Clinical Efficacy in Pediatric Settings.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Infra-slow EEG neurofeedback for insomnia: a single-case experimental study in primary care.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Mapping EEG Metrics to Human Affective and Cognitive Models: An Interdisciplinary Scoping Review from a Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Application of an Ecological Approach to Assessment of Nutrition in School-Aged Children-A Report from the "Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development: Knowledge Indicating Dietary Sufficiency (BOND-KIDS)" Project Working Group 3.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Review
- Neurofeedback for ADHD: Exploring the Role of Quantitative EEG and Brainwave Modulation.Brain and behavior · 2025Review
- Article
- Effects of Electroencephalogram Neurofeedback Intervention on Blood C-Reactive Protein Levels in Astronauts Attending 2-Week Long Analog Moon Mission.Brain sciences · 2024Article
- Neurofeedback training and motor learning: the enhanced sensorimotor rhythm protocol is better or the suppressed alpha or the suppressed mu?BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Effect of time windows in LSTM networks for EEG-based BCIs.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2023Article
- Long-term improvements in executive functions after frontal-midline theta neurofeedback in a (sub)clinical group.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- The more, the better? Learning rate and self-pacing in neurofeedback enhance cognitive performance in healthy adults.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
- Comparative efficacy of targeted structural patterns of electroencephalography neurofeedback in children with inattentive or combined attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Brain and behavior · 2022Article
- Experiences of neurofeedback therapists in treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.Health SA = SA Gesondheid · 2022Article
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeRecent reviews have proposed that scientifically validated standard EEG neurofeedback (NF) protocols are an efficacious and specific treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we review the current evidence for the treatment efficacy and clinical effectiveness of NF in ADHD to investigate whether NF treatment personalization (standard protocols matched to the electrophysiological features of ADHD) and combination with other interventions (psychosocial, sleep hygiene and nutritional advice) might yield superior long-term treatment outcomes relative to non-personalized NF and medication monotreatments.
methodsThe electronic databases PubMed and PsycINFO were systematically searched using our key terms. Of the 38 resulting studies, 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and open-label studies were eligible for inclusion. Studies were analyzed for effect sizes and remission rates at the end of treatment and at follow-up. The effects of personalized and multimodal NF treatments were compared to non-personalized NF monotreatments and with two benchmark medication studies.
resultsThe analysis of RCTs indicated that the long-term effects of personalized NF interventions were superior to non-personalized NF and comparable to those of medication alone or in combination with behavioral intervention. The analysis of open-label trials further indicates that the interaction of NF with parental interventions, sleep and nutritional advice might yield superior clinical effectiveness relative to NF and medication monotreatments.
conclusionPersonalized and multimodal NF interventions seem to yield superior treatment efficacy relative to NF alone and superior clinical effectiveness relative to medication. We propose that treatment outcomes may be further enhanced by adjusting NF non-specific factors (eg, reinforcement contingencies) to specific ADHD characteristics (eg, reward sensitivity). Future NF research should focus on the systematic evaluation of the treatment outcomes of personalized and multimodal treatments.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.