ArticleScientific reports2021
Psychometric properties of the embodiment scale for the rubber hand illusion and its relation with individual differences.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Moderating Role of Virtual Arm Embodiment for Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Stroke Patients with Proprioceptive Deficit: A Pilot Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Trust me, you are there: the role of verbal manipulation on embodiment and body localization.Psychological research · 2026Article
- Parietal alpha frequency shapes own-body perception by modulating the temporal integration of bodily signals.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Bridging subjective and neural state transitions in the rubber hand illusion: a neurophenomenological study.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2026Article
- Novel method for rubber hand illusion strength measurement based on inverse multidimensional scaling.Behavior research methods · 2025Article
- Distinct patterns of visuo-tactile and visuo-motor body-related integration in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Disrupted sense of agency-related ownership and disownership increase in the Rubber Hand Illusion.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- The rubber hand illusion questionnaire: An exploratory graph analysis of ownership, referral of touch, and control statements.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2024Article
- Social exclusion in a virtual Cyberball game reduces the virtual hand illusion.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2024Article
- Multisensory conflict affects body schema and reaching space.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Rewiring the evolution of the human hand: How the embodiment of a virtual bionic tool improves behavior.iScience · 2024Article
- Balancing the Senses: Electrophysiological Responses Reveal the Interplay between Somatosensory and Visual Processing During Body-Related Multisensory Conflict.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Experimental evaluation of the impact of sEMG interfaces in enhancing embodiment of virtual myoelectric prostheses.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Article
- I am where I believe my body is: The interplay between body spatial prediction and body ownership.PloS one · 2024Article
- Revisiting the relationship between illusory hand ownership induced by visuotactile synchrony and cardiac interoceptive accuracy.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The network of the subjective experience in embodiment phenomena.Psychological research · 2023Article
- Temporal dynamics of the Rubber Hand Illusion.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Visuo-Spatial Working Memory and Mathematical Skills in Children: A Network Analysis Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Look at me now! Enfacement illusion over computer-generated faces.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) opened the investigation of the sense of body ownership in healthy people. By putting in slight contrast vision touch and proprioception, healthy people embody a fake hand in one's body representation. The easiness of the procedure, typically measured with a set of questions that capture the subjective experience, favoured its blooming. However, validation studies of embodiment questionnaires are lacking, and the individual differences that contribute to the embodiment received little attention. In our study, 298 participants underwent an RHI procedure following both synchronous and asynchronous (control) visuo-tactile stimulations. The study had multiple aims: (a) to explore the psychometric structure of a 27-items questionnaire largely used in the literature; (b) to build a psychometrically efficient scale to measure embodiment-related phenomena; (c) to explore whether and how individual differences (empathy, self-esteem and mindfulness) are associated with the experience of illusion. We found a relatively simple structure consisting of three components: embodiment of the rubber hand, disembodiment of the biological hand, physical sensations experienced during the procedure. The scales designed were psychometrically reliable and theoretically meaningful, encompassing 18 of the original items. Finally, by adopting a network analysis approach, we found that the embodiment is directly related to empathy and self-esteem, while disembodiment and physical sensation are unrelated to individual personality traits. The study provides substantial evidence to use the embodiment scale as a standard questionnaire for future RHI studies. Additionally, the correlations with personality traits suggest that the embodiment induced by the RHI deeply integrates with the complexity of the individuals and their differences.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.