ArticleNature communications2021
Staphylococcus aureus induces an itaconate-dominated immunometabolic response that drives biofilm formation.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- The evolving landscape ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Itaconate: a dual-edged sword in immunometabolism and host-pathogen interactions.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Convergent evolution of immune evasion in ESKAPE pathogens: A cross-pathogen architecture of conserved host-defense checkpoints.European journal of microbiology & immunology · 2026Review
- Itaconate and its derivatives in human health and diseases.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Itaconic Acid Directly Binds to the Cysteine Residue of PurF: A Novel Mechanism for Inhibiting Purine Metabolism in Porcine PathogenicMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Article
- The Effects of Smoking on Respiratory Microbiota Diversity and Composition: A Systematic Review with Exploratory Meta-Analysis.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Offense and defense: itaconate mediates bidirectional immune regulation of host-bacteria interaction.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Pyruvate carboxylase is critical for biofilm formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Interactive Effects of Temperature and Nutrient Conditions on Growth and Virulence Factor Expression ofFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Role of itaconate in intestinal disease (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Itaconate modifications: Mechanisms and applications.Journal of intensive medicine · 2026Review
- Integrated multi-omics reveals coordinatedmSystems · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial transfer to granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells augments immunosuppressive activity.Cell reports · 2026Article
- T6SS mutants exploit itaconate to support infection of phagocytes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Differential sensitivity of leukocyte populations toInfection and immunity · 2026Article
- Methicillin-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: tolerance, immune evasion and treatment.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane proteins and lipopolysaccharides key factors linking chicken coop environment and oxidative stress.Redox biology · 2026Review
- Feeding the invaders: how metabolic imbalance shapes infection and biofilm development.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- How do immunometabolites shape bacterial infections?PLoS biology · 2026Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent human pathogen that readily adapts to host immune defenses. Here, we show that, in contrast to Gram-negative pathogens, S. aureus induces a distinct airway immunometabolic response dominated by the release of the electrophilic metabolite, itaconate. The itaconate synthetic enzyme, IRG1, is activated by host mitochondrial stress, which is induced by staphylococcal glycolysis. Itaconate inhibits S. aureus glycolysis and selects for strains that re-direct carbon flux to fuel extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) synthesis and biofilm formation. Itaconate-adapted strains, as illustrated by S. aureus isolates from chronic airway infection, exhibit decreased glycolytic activity, high EPS production, and proficient biofilm formation even before itaconate stimulation. S. aureus thus adapts to the itaconate-dominated immunometabolic response by producing biofilms, which are associated with chronic infection of the human airway.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.