ArticleInternational journal of epidemiology2021
Social inequalities and COVID-19 mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.
Article in International journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Public health policies and interventions to address health inequities in high-income countries: an umbrella review.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- Socioeconomic inequalities and the COVID-19 pandemic in France: Territorial analyzes based on epidemic wave and metropolitan area.PloS one · 2026Article
- Social inequalities in the misbelief of chloroquine's protective effect against COVID-19: results from the EPICOVID-19 study in Brazil.PloS one · 2026Article
- How do structural inequalities influence COVID-19 hospital mortality among traditional peoples and communities? A cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil, 2021-2023.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Vaccination Against SARS-CoV-2 and its Outcomes on Incidence, Lethality and Mortality from COVID-19 in the City of São Paulo, Brazil.International journal of preventive medicine · 2026Article
- COVID-19: lessons from Brazil.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Brazilian families: a countrywide population-based survey.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- History of self-reported COVID-19 cases and hospitalizations in the Brazilian population: a countrywide survey.International journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Perception of Concern and Associated Factors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Epidemiological Survey in a Brazilian Municipality.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Pandemic preparedness and response priorities in Latin America: A regional Delphi consensus.Public health · 2025Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality and life expectancy in northern Ghana: findings from the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- Burden in Colombia of COVID-19 in Adults and the Associated Clinical Characteristics: A Retrospective Database Analysis.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Genomic, socio-environmental, and sequencing capability patterns in the surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Latin America and the Caribbean up to 2023.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Inequality in mortality according to regional deprivation during the COVID-19 pandemic.Epidemiology and health · 2025Article
- Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socially vulnerable communities: the case of Jane and Finch in Toronto, Ontario.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- A scoping review on the operationalization of intersectional health research methods in studies related to the COVID-19 pandemic.International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being · 2024Article
- Navigating the divide: inequalities in household experiences of healthcare disruption in Latin American and the Caribbean countries amidst COVID-19.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Unravelling demographic and socioeconomic patterns of COVID-19 death and other causes of death: results of an individual-level analysis of exhaustive cause of death data in Belgium, 2020.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2024Article
- Social epidemiology of urban COVID-19 inequalities in Latin America and Canada.International journal for equity in health · 2024Article
- Monitoring the Status of Multi-Wave Omicron Variant Outbreaks - 71 Countries, 2021-2023.China CDC weekly · 2024Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHeterogeneity in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality is often associated with a country's health-services structure and social inequality. This study aimed to characterize social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in São Paulo, the most populous city in Brazil and Latin America.
methodsWe conducted a population-based study, including COVID-19 deaths among São Paulo residents from March to September 2020. Age-standardized mortality rates and unadjusted rate ratios (RRs) [with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs)] were estimated by race, sex, age group, district of residence, household crowding, educational attainment, income level and percentage of households in subnormal areas in each district. Time trends in mortality were assessed using the Joinpoint model.
resultsMales presented an 84% increase in COVID-19 mortality compared with females (RR = 1.84, 95% CI 1.79-1.90). Higher mortality rates were observed for Blacks (RR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.67-1.88) and mixed (RR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.37-1.47) compared with Whites, whereas lower mortality was noted for Asians (RR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.58-0.68). A positive gradient was found for all socio-economic indicators, i.e. increases in disparities denoted by less education, more household crowding, lower income and a higher concentration of subnormal areas were associated with higher mortality rates. A decrease in mortality over time was observed in all racial groups, but it started earlier among Whites and Asians.
conclusionOur results reveal striking social inequalities in COVID-19 mortality in São Paulo, exposing structural inequities in Brazilian society that were not addressed by the governmental response to COVID-19. Without an equitable response, COVID-19 will further exacerbate current social inequalities in São Paulo.
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