ArticlePlant physiology2021
Activation of SnRK2 by Raf-like kinase ARK represents a primary mechanism of ABA and abiotic stress responses.
Article in Plant physiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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13 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- A RAF-SnRK2-PP2C functional module regulates cell survival in the chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.The New phytologist · 2026Article
- Protein Post-Translational Modifications in Plant Abiotic Stress Responses.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE2-like protein mediates submergence and drought responses in Physcomitrium patens.Plant physiology · 2025Article
- bZIP Transcription Factors: Structure, Modification, Abiotic Stress Responses and Application in Plant Improvement.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Genome-wide analysis and expression pattern of the ZoPP2C gene family in Zingiber officinale Roscoe.BMC genomics · 2024Article
- Unveiling the crucial roles of abscisic acid in plant physiology: implications for enhancing stress tolerance and productivity.Frontiers in plant science · 2024Review
- Reconstitution of phytochrome A-mediated light modulation of the ABA signaling pathways in yeast.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- A framework for improving wheat spike development and yield based on the master regulatory TOR and SnRK gene systems.Journal of experimental botany · 2023Article
- Sucrose non-fermenting1-related protein kinase VcSnRK2.3 promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis in association with VcMYB1 in blueberry.Frontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- Plant hormone regulation of abiotic stress responses.Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology · 2022Review
- Differential regulations of abscisic acid-induced desiccation tolerance and vegetative dormancy by group B3 Raf kinases in liverworts.Frontiers in plant science · 2022Article
- The Multifaceted Regulation of SnRK2 Kinases.Cells · 2021Review
- Growth Promotion or Osmotic Stress Response: How SNF1-Related Protein Kinase 2 (SnRK2) Kinases Are Activated and Manage Intracellular Signaling in Plants.Plants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Raf-like protein kinase abscisic acid (ABA) and abiotic stress-responsive Raf-like kinase (ARK) previously identified in the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens acts as an upstream regulator of subgroup III SNF1-related protein kinase2 (SnRK2), the key regulator of ABA and abiotic stress responses. However, the mechanisms underlying activation of ARK by ABA and abiotic stress for the regulation of SnRK2, including the role of ABA receptor-associated group A PP2C (PP2C-A), are not understood. We identified Ser1029 as the phosphorylation site in the activation loop of ARK, which provided a possible mechanism for regulation of its activity. Analysis of transgenic P. patens ark lines expressing ARK-GFP with Ser1029-to-Ala mutation indicated that this replacement causes reductions in ABA-induced gene expression, stress tolerance, and SnRK2 activity. Immunoblot analysis using an anti-phosphopeptide antibody indicated that ABA treatments rapidly stimulate Ser1029 phosphorylation in the wild type (WT). The phosphorylation profile of Ser1029 in ABA-hypersensitive ppabi1 lacking protein phosphatase 2C-A (PP2C-A) was similar to that in the WT, whereas little Ser1029 phosphorylation was observed in ABA-insensitive ark missense mutant lines. Furthermore, newly isolated ppabi1 ark lines showed ABA-insensitive phenotypes similar to those of ark lines. Therefore, ARK is a primary activator of SnRK2, preceding negative regulation by PP2C-A in bryophytes, which provides a prototype mechanism for ABA and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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