ArticleDrug design, development and therapy2021
Convallatoxin Promotes M2 Macrophage Polarization to Attenuate Atherosclerosis Through PPARγ-Integrin α
Article in Drug design, development and therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 26 citations in OpenAlex.
- Advances in the research of the role of macrophage/microglia polarization-mediated inflammatory response in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- The Efferocytosis-Driven Macrophage Polarization: A Concerto in the Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment.MedComm · 2026Review
- The Role of Integrin Family in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Convallatoxin ameliorates fibroblast-like synoviocytes-mediated synovial inflammation and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by targeting IDH1.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Cardiac Glycosides: From Natural Defense Molecules to Emerging Therapeutic Agents.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Review
- The Role of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis: Participants and Therapists.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2025Review
- PPARs in atherosclerosis: The spatial and temporal features from mechanism to druggable targets.Journal of advanced research · 2025Review
- The Role of mtDNA Mutations in Atherosclerosis: The Influence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction on Macrophage Polarization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Serum periostin as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target in coronary heart disease.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Article
- Single-cell analysis reveals the loss of FABP4-positive proliferating valvular endothelial cells relates to functional mitral regurgitation.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Curcumin Equipped Nanozyme-Like Metal-Organic Framework Platform for the Targeted Atherosclerosis Treatment with Lipid Regulation and Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Capability.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Roles of Integrin in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Implications.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Use of Machine Learning for the Identification and Validation of Immunogenic Cell Death Biomarkers and Immunophenotypes in Coronary Artery Disease.Journal of inflammation research · 2024Article
- Article
- The Interplay between Integrins and Immune Cells as a Regulator in Cancer Immunology.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- The Role of Transcription Factor PPAR-γ in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis, Skin Cells, and Immune Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- The Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma and Atherosclerosis: Post-translational Modification and Selective Modulators.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Review
- Roles of Macrophages in Atherogenesis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionAs the primary immune cells, macrophages play a key role in atherosclerotic progression. M2 macrophage polarization has been reported to promote tissue repair and attenuate plaque formation upon the expression of anti-inflammatory factors. Convallatoxin (CNT) is a natural cardiac glycoside with anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties. However, whether CNT protects against atherosclerosis (AS) and underlying mechanisms is unknown. This work was designed to explore the potential effects of CNT on atherosclerosis.
methodsIn this study, Apolipoprotein E deficiency (ApoE
resultsOur results showed that the atherosclerotic lesions were reduced by CNT, as demonstrated by the downregulation of serum lipid level and aortic plaque area in AS mice. Furthermore, we found that CNT treatment promoted the expression of M2 macrophage markers (Arg1, Mrc1, Retnla and Chi3l3), and decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), accompanied by the increase of anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10) in aortic vessels of AS mice. In ox-LDL-induced RAW264.7 cells, CNT administration also facilitated macrophages polarizing towards M2 subtype and inhibited inflammatory responses. Furthermore, both the in vivo and in vitro experiments showed CNT could increase the expression of PPARγ, Integrin α
conclusionTaken together, these data suggest that CNT may promote M2 macrophage polarization to exert an anti-atherosclerotic effect, partially through activating PPARγ-Integrin α
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.