ReviewNature reviews. Cardiology2021
Electroimmunology and cardiac arrhythmia.
Review in Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 92 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
92 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 128 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of inflammatory markers with clinical outcomes in atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2025Pooled it
- The developments and emerging trends of Autonomic Nervous System Research in Arrhythmia: a bibliometric study from 2004 to 2024.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Association between circulating leukocytes and arrhythmias: Mendelian randomization analysis in immuno-cardiac electrophysiology.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Therapeutic Ultrasound in Cardiovascular Medicine: Applications of Low-intensity Pulsed Ultrasound and Ultrasound-targeted Microbubble Destruction.Cardiovascular drugs and therapy · 2026Review
- The Defect of iNKT Cells Mediates Mitochondrial Dysfunction Through IL-6/STAT3 Signaling to Induce Atrial Inflammation and Fibrosis to Aggravate Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation.Physiological research · 2026Article
- Cardiac immunity and heart repair: Mechanism, challenge, and future direction.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- Ventricular arrhythmogenesis in pulmonary hypertension: From right ventricular remodeling to clinical implications.Physiological reports · 2026Review
- The Immune System as a Proarrhythmic Mediator: A Novel Paradigm for the Development of New Antiarrhythmic Therapy.The Canadian journal of cardiology · 2026Review
- Predictive value of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index for late atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation: a retrospective cohort study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2026Article
- Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Postoperative Cardiac Dysmaturation in a Juvenile Porcine Model.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Inflammation-Mediated Mechanisms of Arrhythmias After Acute Myocardial Infarction.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- The bidirectional mechanistic links between Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Electrophysiological and Molecular Features of Remdesivir-Induced Cardiac Toxicity in Male and Female Guinea Pigs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Interstitial cells and arrhythmia.American journal of physiology. Cell physiology · 2026Review
- Cardiac Macrophages and Fibroblasts Modulate Atrial Fibrillation Maintenance.Circulation research · 2026Article
- Neutrophil Heterogeneity after Myocardial Infarction.Journal of innate immunity · 2026Review
- ANGPTL2 and CP define complementary circadian-associated signals in atrial fibrillation: integrative transcriptomics and external validation.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Article
- Potential Antiarrhythmic Mechanisms of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1RAs).Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
- Heart-brain axis pathophysiological understanding and clinical impact.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Arrhythmogenic Mechanisms of Novel Biomarkers in Cardiac Electrophysiology.Cardiology research and practice · 2026Review
32 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Conduction disorders and arrhythmias remain difficult to treat and are increasingly prevalent owing to the increasing age and body mass of the general population, because both are risk factors for arrhythmia. Many of the underlying conditions that give rise to arrhythmia - including atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmia, which frequently occur in patients with acute myocardial ischaemia or heart failure - can have an inflammatory component. In the past, inflammation was viewed mostly as an epiphenomenon associated with arrhythmia; however, the recently discovered inflammatory and non-canonical functions of cardiac immune cells indicate that leukocytes can be arrhythmogenic either by altering tissue composition or by interacting with cardiomyocytes; for example, by changing their phenotype or perhaps even by directly interfering with conduction. In this Review, we discuss the electrophysiological properties of leukocytes and how these cells relate to conduction in the heart. Given the thematic parallels, we also summarize the interactions between immune cells and neural systems that influence information transfer, extrapolating findings from the field of neuroscience to the heart and defining common themes. We aim to bridge the knowledge gap between electrophysiology and immunology, to promote conceptual connections between these two fields and to explore promising opportunities for future research.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.