ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2021
Causal Effects of Lifetime Smoking on Breast and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Mendelian Randomization Study.
Registry-linked trialAbstract read
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Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT02328677 (ColoCare Transdisciplinary Research in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis), which is not on this map. Cited by 20 papers.
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20citing papers in PubMed
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What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
ColoCare Transdisciplinary Research in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Smoking promotes colorectal cancer via the CKAP2L/AREG axis.International journal of oncology · 2026Article
- The Associations of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Coffee Consumption with Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Disease Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Gut and liver · 2025Article
- Causal Effects of Breast Cancer Risk Factors across Hormone Receptor Breast Cancer Subtypes: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2025Article
- Complex Role of Circulating Triglycerides in Breast Cancer Onset and Survival: Insights From Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study.Cancer medicine · 2025Article
- Smoking cessation and exercise: perspectives from smokers with and without mental health problems.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Mendelian Randomization Analysis of the Causal Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Hospital Costs.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2024Article
- Identification of potential mediators of the relationship between body mass index and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomization analysis.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Mendelian randomisation analysis for intestinal disease: achievement and future.eGastroenterology · 2024Review
- Exploring the cross-cancer effect of smoking and its fingerprints in blood DNA methylation on multiple cancers: A Mendelian randomization study.International journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Dissecting the pathogenic effects of smoking and its hallmarks in blood DNA methylation on colorectal cancer risk.British journal of cancer · 2023Article
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: 21st Century Advances, Gaps to Address through Interdisciplinary Science.Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine · 2023Review
- Genome-wide Interaction Study with Smoking for Colorectal Cancer Risk Identifies Novel Genetic Loci Related to Tumor Suppression, Inflammation, and Immune Response.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2023Article
- Smoking, alcohol consumption, and 24 gastrointestinal diseases: Mendelian randomization analysis.eLife · 2023Article
- Major depression disorder may causally associate with the increased breast cancer risk: Evidence from two-sample mendelian randomization analyses.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Cigarette Smoking and Endometrial Cancer Risk: Observational and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2022Observational
- Mendelian randomization analyses of 23 known and suspected risk factors and biomarkers for breast cancer overall and by molecular subtypes.International journal of cancer · 2022Article
- Cancer in twin pairs discordant for smoking: The Nordic Twin Study of Cancer.International journal of cancer · 2022Article
- A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study supports the causal effects of a high basal metabolic rate on colorectal cancer risk.PloS one · 2022Article
- Synergistic Effects of Genetic Variants of Glucose Homeostasis and Lifelong Exposures to Cigarette Smoking, Female Hormones, and Dietary Fat Intake on Primary Colorectal Cancer Development in African and Hispanic/Latino American Women.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
26 authors.
Niki DimouSection of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. DimouN@fellows.iarc.fr.ORCID 0000-0003-1678-9328
James YarmolinskyDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Emmanouil BourasLaboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Konstantinos K TsilidisDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece.
Richard M MartinDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.ORCID 0000-0002-7992-7719
Sarah J LewisDepartment of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
Inger T GramDepartment of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-0031-4152
Marije F BakkerJulius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Hermann BrennerDivision of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-6129-1572
Jane C FigueiredoDepartment of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California.
Renée T FortnerDivision of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1426-8505
Stephen B GruberCenter for Precision Medicine, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California.ORCID 0000-0001-8656-7822
Bethany van GuelpenDepartment of Radiation Sciences, Oncology Unit, Umea University, Umea, Sweden.ORCID 0000-0002-9692-101X
Li HsuPublic Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.ORCID 0000-0001-8168-4712
Rudolf KaaksDivision of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3751-3929
Sun-Seog KweonDepartment of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.ORCID 0000-0003-2378-8550
Yi LinPublic Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Noralane M LindorDepartment of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona.
Polly A NewcombPublic Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
Maria-Jose SánchezEscuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain.
Gianluca SeveriCESP UMR1018, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.ORCID 0000-0001-7157-419X
Hilary A TindleGeneral Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.
Rosario TuminoCancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7) Ragusa, Ragusa, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-2666-414X
Elisabete WeiderpassOffice of the Director, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France.ORCID 0000-0003-2237-0128
Marc J GunterSection of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Neil MurphySection of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
Funding
Translational Bioimaging Core Shared ResourceP30CA015704 · NCI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI Marian Esvelt · 1985 to 2026
$296.4MTranslational Research Central ServicesP30CA006973 · NCI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Rosalie Wollett · 1985 to 2026
$208.6MSWOG Foreign AccrualsU10CA037429 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HLTH SCIENCE CENTER · PI BLANKE, CHARLES D., MEYSKENS, FRANK L. · 1985 to 2014
$205.2MUSC/NORRIS COMPREHENSIVE CANCER CENTER (CORE) SUPPORTP30CA014089 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI Fumito Ito · 1985 to 2026
$181.4MTranslational Therapeutics Research Program (TT)P30CA016058 · NCI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI Tasleem J Padamsee · 1985 to 2026
$132.3MTRANSLATIONAL RESEARCHP30CA076292 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA · PI KENNETH Lynn WRIGHT · 1998 to 2026
$93.5MStatistical MethodsP01CA087969 · NCI · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · PI TWOROGER, SHELLEY S · 2000 to 2019
$77.8MValidity of Diet and Activity Measures in WomenP01CA055075 · NCI · HARVARD UNIVERSITY (SCH OF PUBLIC HLTH) · PI WILLETT, WALTER C. · 1991 to 2009
$41.8MTissue and Pathology ResourcesP50CA127003 · NCI · DANA-FARBER CANCER INST · PI EL-BARDEESY, NABEEL, SELLERS, WILLIAM R · 2007 to 2023
$33.2MPILOT AND FEASIBILITY STUDIESP30DK034987 · NIDDK · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI ROBERT S. SANDLER · 1985 to 2026
$30.5MStatistical Methods for Integrative Genomics in CancerP01CA196569 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI David V Conti · 2016 to 2026
$25.5MJH/CIDR Genotyping for Genome-Wide Association StudiesU01HG004438 · NHGRI · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI VALLE, DAVID · 2007 to 2011
$24.2MCancer Research UK 14136Cancer Research UK 19169Cancer Research UK 29019Cancer Research UK A20988Cancer Research UK C11043/A4286Cancer Research UK C18281/A11326Cancer Research UK C18281/A15064Cancer Research UK C18281/A24432Cancer Research UK C18281/A29019Cancer Research UK C18281/A8145Cancer Research UK C490/A16561Cancer Research UK C588/A19167Cancer Research UK C68933/A28534Intramural NIH HHS Z01 CP010200Medical Research Council MR/M012190/1NCATS NIH HHS KL2 TR000421NCI NIH HHS HHSN261201500005CNCI NIH HHS K05 CA152715NCI NIH HHS K05 CA154337NCI NIH HHS K07 CA190673NCI NIH HHS P01 CA033619NCI NIH HHS P01 CA055075NCI NIH HHS P01 CA087969NCI NIH HHS P01 CA196569NCI NIH HHS P30 CA006973NCI NIH HHS P30 CA014089NCI NIH HHS P30 CA015704NCI NIH HHS P30 CA016058NCI NIH HHS P30 CA076292NCI NIH HHS P50 CA127003NCI NIH HHS R01 CA042182NCI NIH HHS R01 CA048998NCI NIH HHS R01 CA059045NCI NIH HHS R01 CA060987NCI NIH HHS R01 CA063464NCI NIH HHS R01 CA066635NCI NIH HHS R01 CA067941NCI NIH HHS R01 CA072520NCI NIH HHS R01 CA076366NCI NIH HHS R01 CA081488NCI NIH HHS R01 CA097325NCI NIH HHS R01 CA136726NCI NIH HHS R01 CA137178NCI NIH HHS R01 CA151993NCI NIH HHS R01 CA189184NCI NIH HHS R01 CA197350NCI NIH HHS R01 CA201407NCI NIH HHS R01 CA207371NCI NIH HHS R01 CA244588NCI NIH HHS R03 CA153323NCI NIH HHS R35 CA197735NCI NIH HHS R37 CA054281NCI NIH HHS U01 CA067941NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074783NCI NIH HHS U01 CA074794NCI NIH HHS U01 CA084968NCI NIH HHS U01 CA086308NCI NIH HHS U01 CA122839NCI NIH HHS U01 CA137088NCI NIH HHS U01 CA167551NCI NIH HHS U01 CA167552NCI NIH HHS U01 CA182883NCI NIH HHS U01 CA206110NCI NIH HHS U10 CA037429NCI NIH HHS U19 CA148107NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074783NCI NIH HHS U24 CA074794NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA167552NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA182883NCI NIH HHS UM1 CA186107NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004438NHGRI NIH HHS U01 HG004446NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004INHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201100046CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201200008CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201200008INIA NIH HHS HHSN271201100004CNIA NIH HHS U01 AG018033NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK034987NIEHS NIH HHS T32 ES013678WHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100001CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100002CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100003CWHI NIH HHS HHSN268201100004CWorld Health Organization 001
Abstract
backgroundObservational evidence has shown that smoking is a risk factor for breast and colorectal cancer. We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to examine causal associations between smoking and risks of breast and colorectal cancer.
methodsGenome-Wide Association Study summary data were used to identify genetic variants associated with lifetime amount of smoking (
resultsIn inverse-variance weighted models, a genetic predisposition to higher lifetime amount of smoking was positively associated with breast cancer risk [OR per 1-SD increment: 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-1.26;
conclusionsThese findings are consistent with prior observational evidence and support a causal role of higher lifetime smoking amount in the development of breast and colorectal cancer. IMPACT: The results from this comprehensive MR analysis indicate that lifetime smoking is a causal risk factor for these common malignancies.
Indexed as
Breast NeoplasmsCausalityColorectal NeoplasmsFemaleGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMaleMendelian Randomization AnalysisRisk FactorsSmoking
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NCT02328677ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.