ReviewNutrients2021
The Role of Creatine in the Development and Activation of Immune Responses.
Review in Nutrients, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Non-targeted immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Methodological Approaches to Bioavailability of Oral Creatine in Randomized Controlled Trials: A Meta-Research Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Creatine Supplementation in Preclinical Models Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Systematic Review.Cureus · 2026Review
- Maternal-prenatal gut microbiome-systemic metabolome perturbations and TGenome medicine · 2026Article
- Safety of creatine supplementation: analysis of the prevalence of reported side effects in clinical trials and adverse event reports.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Article
- Targeting Arginine Metabolism in Immune Cells for the Treatment of Pulmonary Inflammatory Diseases.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2025Review
- A creatine efflux transporter in oligodendrocytes.The FEBS journal · 2025Article
- Creatine supplementation is safe, beneficial throughout the lifespan, and should not be restricted.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Fueling the Firefighter and Tactical Athlete with Creatine: A Narrative Review of a Key Nutrient for Public Safety.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Effect of Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation on the Performance of Calves Fed Milk Replacer.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Patient subtyping analysis of baseline multi-omic data reveals distinct pre-immune states associated with antibody response to seasonal influenza vaccination.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2024Article
- Integrative metabolomics highlights gut microbiota metabolites as novel NAFLD-related candidate biomarkers in children.Microbiology spectrum · 2024Article
- Primary Human M2 Macrophage Subtypes Are Distinguishable by Aqueous Metabolite Profiles.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The association between dietary creatine intake and cancer in U.S. adults: insights from NHANES 2007-2018.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Impacts of microgravity on amino acid metabolism during spaceflight.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2023Review
- Plasma metabolomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection.Cell death & disease · 2023Article
- Creatine in the fetal brain: A regional investigation of acute global hypoxia and creatine supplementation in a translational fetal sheep model.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2023Article
- Bioavailability, Efficacy, Safety, and Regulatory Status of Creatine and Related Compounds: A Critical Review.Nutrients · 2022Review
- Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Catabolic Effects of Creatine Supplementation: A Brief Review.Nutrients · 2022Review
- A Targeted Serum Metabolomics GC-MS Approach Identifies Predictive Blood Biomarkers for Retained Placenta in Holstein Dairy Cows.Metabolites · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of dietary supplements has become increasingly common over the past 20 years. Whereas supplements were formerly used mainly by elite athletes, age and fitness status no longer dictates who uses these substances. Indeed, many nutritional supplements are recommended by health care professionals to their patients. Creatine (CR) is a widely used dietary supplement that has been well-studied for its effects on performance and health. CR also aids in recovery from strenuous bouts of exercise by reducing inflammation. Although CR is considered to be very safe in recommended doses, a caveat is that a preponderance of the studies have focused upon young athletic individuals; thus there is limited knowledge regarding the effects of CR on children or the elderly. In this review, we examine the potential of CR to impact the host outside of the musculoskeletal system, specifically, the immune system, and discuss the available data demonstrating that CR can impact both innate and adaptive immune responses, together with how the effects on the immune system might be exploited to enhance human health.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.