ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2021
The Emerging Role of Macrophages in Immune System Dysfunction under Real and Simulated Microgravity Conditions.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gut microbiota shifts in spaceflight: a case study evidence and countermeasures for microbial homeostasis.3 Biotech · 2026Review
- Microgravity and cancer cells: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Cell death discovery · 2026Review
- Microgravity- induced organ and system-level deconditioning: a network physiology perspective.Frontiers in network physiology · 2026Review
- Immune System-Tumor Crosstalk Under Microgravity: Mechanistic Insights, Challenges, and Translational Perspectives.Cancers · 2025Review
- Aging and Altered Gravity: A Cellular Perspective.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- Aerospace medicine in China: advancements and perspectives.NPJ microgravity · 2024Review
- How are cell and tissue structure and function influenced by gravity and what are the gravity perception mechanisms?NPJ microgravity · 2024Article
- Molecular Signature of Monocytes Shaped by theInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- "Monitoring inflammatory, immune system mediators, and mitochondrial changes related to brain metabolism during space flight".Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The Effects of Simulated and Real Microgravity on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells.Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research · 2024Article
- Article
- Solar ultraviolet light collector for germicidal irradiation on the moon.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Transcriptomic Effects on the Mouse Heart Following 30 Days on the International Space Station.Biomolecules · 2023Article
- Microgravity and immune cells.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2023Review
- Choroidal circulation disturbance is an initial factor in outer retinal degeneration in rats under simulated weightlessness.Frontiers in physiology · 2023Article
- Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Cell Growth and Migration of A549 Cells under Simulated Microgravity.Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- MRTF may be the missing link in a multiscale mechanobiology approach toward macrophage dysfunction in space.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2022Article
- The Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Macrophage Phenotype.Biomedicines · 2021Article
- Microgravity and Space Medicine.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
In the process of exploring space, the astronaut's body undergoes a series of physiological changes. At the level of cellular behavior, microgravity causes significant alterations, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular deconditioning. At the level of gene expression, microgravity changes the expression of cytokines in many physiological processes, such as cell immunity, proliferation, and differentiation. At the level of signaling pathways, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway participates in microgravity-induced immune malfunction. However, the mechanisms of these changes have not been fully elucidated. Recent studies suggest that the malfunction of macrophages is an important breakthrough for immune disorders in microgravity. As the first line of immune defense, macrophages play an essential role in maintaining homeostasis. They activate specific immune responses and participate in large numbers of physiological activities by presenting antigen and secreting cytokines. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent advances on the dysfunction of macrophages arisen from microgravity and to discuss the mechanisms of these abnormal responses. Hopefully, our work will contribute not only to the future exploration on the immune system in space, but also to the development of preventive and therapeutic drugs against the physiological consequences of spaceflight.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.