ReviewClinical and translational science2021
Drugs used for the treatment of cerebral and disseminated infections caused by free-living amoebae.
Review in Clinical and translational science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Promising Drug Repurposing Candidates Targeting Free-Living Amoebae: A Systematic and Critical Review of Laboratory-Based Evidence.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis: pathogenesis, diagnostic advances, therapeutic challenges, and emerging treatment strategies.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Review
- Neuroinvasive Free-Living Amoebae Pathogenesis, Neuroinflammation and Therapeutic Challenges.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The Activity of FDA-Approved Prodrug Isavuconazonium Sulfate and Its Major Metabolite Isavuconazole AgainstPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Protein arginine methyltransferases in protozoan parasites: a new path for antiparasitic chemotherapy?Microbial cell (Graz, Austria) · 2026Article
- Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Fatal Balamuthia Amoebic Encephalitis: A Case Report.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The potential of nanocomposites (patuletin-conjugated with gallic acid-coated zinc oxide) against free-living amoebae pathogens.International microbiology : the official journal of the Spanish Society for Microbiology · 2025Article
- Encystment and Excystment Processes inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Strathclyde minor groove binders (S-MGBs) with activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2024Article
- Case Report: Management of Acanthamoeba Rhinosinusitis in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2024Article
- 18F-FDG PET/CT findings in fatalRadiology case reports · 2024Article
- Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: a review of Naegleria fowleri and analysis of successfully treated cases.Parasitology research · 2024Review
- DisseminatedFrontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Induction of Programmed Cell Death inAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Nanocarrier Drug Conjugates Exhibit Potent Anti-Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Anti-Balamuthia mandrillaris and anti-Naegleria fowleri effects of drugs conjugated with various nanostructures.Archives of microbiology · 2023Article
- Applications of Polyaniline-Based Molybdenum Disulfide Nanoparticles against Brain-Eating Amoebae.ACS omega · 2023Article
- Pathogenic free-living amoebic encephalitis from 48 cases in China: A systematic review.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Imidazothiazole Derivatives Exhibited Potent Effects against Brain-Eating Amoebae.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- In Silico Structural Analysis of Serine CarboxypeptidaseInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLAs) are protozoa developing autonomously in diverse natural or artificial environments. The FLAs Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri represent a risk for human health as they can become pathogenic and cause severe cerebral infections, named granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE), Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE), and primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), respectively. Additionally, Acanthamoeba sp. can also rarely disseminate to diverse organs, such as the skin, sinuses, or bones, and cause extracerebral disseminated acanthamebiasis (EDA). No consensus treatment has been established for cerebral FLA infections or EDA. The therapy of cerebral and disseminated FLA infections often empirically associates a large diversity of drugs, all exhibiting a high toxicity. Nevertheless, these pathologies lead to a high mortality, above 90% of the cases, even in the presence of a treatment. In the present work, a total of 474 clinical cases of FLA infections gathered from the literature allowed to determine the frequency of usage, as well as the efficacy of the main drugs and drug combinations used in the treatment of these pathologies. The efficacy of drug usage was determined based on the survival rate after drug administration. The most efficient drugs, drug combinations, and their mechanism of action were discussed in regard to the present recommendations for the treatment of GAE, EDA, BAE, and PAM. At the end, this review aims to provide a useful tool for physicians in their choice to optimize the treatment of FLA infections.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.