ReviewRheumatology international2021
Granulomatous mastitis, erythema nodosum and arthritis syndrome: case-based review.
Review in Rheumatology international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Granulomatous mastitis, erythema nodosum, and arthritis syndrome: a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- >Efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in the treatment of granulomatous mastitis: a systematic review.Rheumatology international · 2024Pooled it
- An endocrine microbe immunity framework for granulomatous mastitis toward phenotype-oriented interpretation.iScience · 2026Review
- Granulomatous breast mastitis in pregnancy secondary toInternational journal of surgery case reports · 2026Article
- Treatment Outcomes of Lobular Granulomatous Mastitis: Impact of Hyperprolactinemia, Diabetes, and Erythema Nodosum-Insights From a 7-Year Cohort Study.The breast journal · 2026Article
- Molecular Targeted Therapy for Chronic Non-Bacterial Mastitis: New Insights into Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of women's health · 2026Review
- Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis with GMENA syndrome: clinical features, glucocorticoid response, and prognosis - a 12-year retrospective cohort study from a single center.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Granulomatous mastitis - Case report.International journal of surgery case reports · 2025Article
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- Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Immune-Pathogen Imbalance in a Treatment-Resistant Benign Inflammatory Disease.International journal of women's health · 2025Review
- Is Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis a Subgroup of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? A Preliminary Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Staged operation in the surgical treatment of granulomatous lobular mastitis.Gland surgery · 2024Article
- Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis, Erythema Nodosum, and Polyarthritis.Clinical medicine insights. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders · 2024Article
- Granulomatous mastitis with erythema nodosum: A breast cancer mimicking entity.Radiology case reports · 2023Article
- Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: clinical, histopathological, and radiological characteristics and management approaches.Rheumatology international · 2023Article
- Granulomatous Mastitis Occurring during Pregnancy: A Case Report.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- Autoimmune rheumatic diseases associated with granulomatous mastitis.Rheumatology international · 2023Review
- Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis as an Unusual Cause of Erythema Nodosum in a Malagasy Woman.International medical case reports journal · 2023Article
- Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis, Erythema Nodosum, and Arthritis.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare form of inflammatory breast condition associated with unilateral or bilateral breast pain, swelling and mass formation. Although the disease pathogenesis remains unknown, several reports have associated GM with manifestations such as erythema nodosum and occasionally with arthritis, suggesting that GM might have an autoimmune disease component. We aim to describe two cases of coexistence of GM, erythema nodosum, and arthritis. We also conducted a literature review to comprehensively assess and describe the characteristics of patients with GM, erythema nodosum, and arthritis, and identify effective treatment options. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and EMBASE, and 14 case reports/series were retrieved, with a total number of 29 patients. All patients are women and unilateral breast involvement was evident in the majority of patients. Nine patients (31%) presented with arthritis, 6 patients (20.7%) had a fever, and 6 patients (20.7%) developed the symptoms during pregnancy. All patients had normal chest radiograph and tissue cultures were negative. In most of the cases (n = 25, 86.2%), symptom improvement was observed with glucocorticoids and four patients (13.8%) underwent surgical treatment for the GM. Given the clinical characteristics of patients with GM, with erythema nodosum, with or without arthritis, and the positive response to glucocorticoids, we propose that the described phenotype represents an underrecognized systemic autoimmune disease that could be designated by the acronym "GMENA" (granulomatous mastitis, erythema nodosum, arthritis) syndrome. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of the syndrome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.