ReviewNature reviews. Immunology2021
Neuromodulation by the immune system: a focus on cytokines.
Review in Nature reviews. Immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 219 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
219 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Dynamic Cytokine Relationships Across the Blood-Brain Barrier in Humans and Nonhuman Primates-Implications for Psychiatric Illness: A Systematic Review.Biological psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- The Neuroimmunome of Hepatitis Patients Associates With Disease Severity.Journal of medical virology · 2025Pooled it
- Effect of perioperative autonomic nervous system imbalance on surgical outcomes: a systematic review.British journal of anaesthesia · 2025Pooled it
- Early systemic inflammation induces neurodevelopmental disorders: results from ARTEMIS, a French multicenter study of juvenile rheumatisms and systemic autoimmune and auto-inflammatory disorders and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Protective Effects of Probiotics on Runners' Mood: Immunometabolic Mechanisms Post-Exercise.Nutrients · 2024Trial
- Effects of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid on the inflammatory response to experimental sleep restriction in healthy humans.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2024Trial
- Neuro-immune interactions in tumors, immune-related disorders, and infections.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Chronic high-altitude exposure and intracerebral hemorrhage: A novel perspective from the vascular-immune-neuronal network.Neuroprotection (Chichester, England) · 2026Review
- Electropolymerized Aptasensor for Femtogram-Level Cytokine Detection.Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.) · 2026Article
- Recent Locoregional CAR T-Cell Trials for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma: Implications for Neuro-Oncology Practice.CNS drugs · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Genome-wide association analyses highlight the neuronal contribution to multiple sclerosis susceptibility.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Pharmacological targeting of bunyavirus-induced synaptic impairment prevents neuronal hyperexcitability.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Immune-mediated excitotoxicity in brain disorders.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Periostin drives psoriasis progression through the stimulation of cutaneous nerve fibers.iScience · 2026Article
- [Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic timeseries links hepatic gene expression to an early and self-limited systemic response to enteric infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- The association between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and depression symptom severity among U.S. adults: A multivariable analysis of NHANES data.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- An Immune-Brain Signaling Mediates Sickness-Induced Social Withdrawal.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
159 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Interactions between the immune system and the nervous system have been described mostly in the context of diseases. More recent studies have begun to reveal how certain immune cell-derived soluble effectors, the cytokines, can influence host behaviour even in the absence of infection. In this Review, we contemplate how the immune system shapes nervous system function and how it controls the manifestation of host behaviour. Interactions between these two highly complex systems are discussed here also in the context of evolution, as both may have evolved to maximize an organism's ability to respond to environmental threats in order to survive. We describe how the immune system relays information to the nervous system and how cytokine signalling occurs in neurons. We also speculate on how the brain may be hardwired to receive and process information from the immune system. Finally, we propose a unified theory depicting a co-evolution of the immune system and host behaviour in response to the evolutionary pressure of pathogens.
Indexed as
Identifiers
33649606What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.