ArticleNature communications2021
S-Trimer, a COVID-19 subunit vaccine candidate, induces protective immunity in nonhuman primates.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Assessment of the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primate studies: a systematic review.Open research Europe · 2022Pooled it
- Comparison of the immunogenicity & protective efficacy of various SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates in non-human primates.The Indian journal of medical researchPooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of SCB-2019, an adjuvanted, recombinant SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S-protein subunit COVID-19 vaccine in healthy 12-17 year-old adolescents.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Efficacy of the adjuvanted subunit protein COVID-19 vaccine, SCB-2019: a phase 2 and 3 multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of S-Trimer (SCB-2019), a protein subunit vaccine candidate for COVID-19 in healthy adults: a phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2021Trial
- Trimeric hemagglutinin vaccine provides chickens complete protection against lethal H5 subtype avian influenza virus from clade 2.3.4.4b.Emerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- Exposure route, not dose, is the primary driver of infection patterns for a respiratory virus.Science advances · 2026Article
- Exposure route drives SARS-CoV-2 infection patterns in non-human primates.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Rice-derived SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein S1 subunit vaccine elicits humoral and cellular immune responses.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 conjugate vaccine elicits robust immune responses that can protect against evolving variants.Vaccine · 2025Article
- COVID-19 clinical presentation, management, and epidemiology: a concise compendium.Frontiers in public health · 2025Review
- Advancements in vaccine development and therapeutic approaches for severe fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Dynamics of spike-specific neutralizing antibodies across five-year emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern reveal conserved epitopes that protect against severe COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- A consensus mathematical model of vaccine-induced antibody dynamics for multiple vaccine platforms and pathogens.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Dynamics of Spike-Specific Neutralizing Antibodies Across Five-Year Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern Reveal Conserved Epitopes that Protect Against Severe COVID-19.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Trimerized S expressed by modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) confers superior protection against lethal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in mice.Journal of virology · 2024Article
- A Review of Protein-Based COVID-19 Vaccines: From Monovalent to Multivalent Formulations.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Innovations and Challenges in the Development of COVID-19 Vaccines for a Safer Tomorrow.Cureus · 2024Review
- Article
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the underlying cause for the COVID-19 pandemic. Like most enveloped RNA viruses, SARS-CoV-2 uses a homotrimeric surface antigen to gain entry into host cells. Here we describe S-Trimer, a native-like trimeric subunit vaccine candidate for COVID-19 based on Trimer-Tag technology. Immunization of S-Trimer with either AS03 (oil-in-water emulsion) or CpG 1018 (TLR9 agonist) plus alum adjuvants induced high-level of neutralizing antibodies and Th1-biased cellular immune responses in animal models. Moreover, rhesus macaques immunized with adjuvanted S-Trimer were protected from SARS-CoV-2 challenge compared to vehicle controls, based on clinical observations and reduction of viral loads in lungs. Trimer-Tag may be an important platform technology for scalable production and rapid development of safe and effective subunit vaccines against current and future emerging RNA viruses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.