ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2021
HIV-1 cores retain their integrity until minutes before uncoating in the nucleus.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 121 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 165 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Central Pore of HIV-1 Capsomers Promotes Sustained Stability of the Viral Capsid.Journal of molecular biology · 2026Article
- Mis-localized nucleoporin POM121C potently inhibits nuclear entry of HIV-1 but leads to the outgrowth of viral escape mutants.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- Real-Time Imaging of HIV-1 Protease Activation and Substrate Cleavage in Single Virions Assembling on the Plasma Membrane.Viruses · 2026Article
- HIV-1 capsid interactions with Nuclear Pore Complex components support nuclear entry via affinity gradient.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- HIV-1 uncoating location dictates sites of integration.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights into lenacapavir-induced off-pathway HIV-1 capsid assembly.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Epigenetic mechanisms of retroviral regulation: a comparative review.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2026Review
- Article
- Decoding the biogenesis of HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta and their fusion with nuclear speckles.eLife · 2026Article
- Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication.FEMS microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Lenacapavir-induced capsid damage uncovers HIV-1 genomes emanating from nuclear speckles.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Nuclear pore passage of the HIV capsid is driven by its unusual surface amino acid composition.Nature structural & molecular biology · 2025Article
- Direct visualization of HIV-1 core nuclear import and its interplay with the nuclear pore.EMBO reports · 2025Article
- Translocation of HIV capsid core through the Nuclear Pore Complex by affinity gradient.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Lenacapavir-induced Lattice Hyperstabilization is Central to HIV-1 Capsid Failure at the Nuclear Pore Complex and in the Cytoplasm.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Elucidating the mechanism by which HIV-1 nucleocapsid mutations confer resistance to integrase strand transfer inhibitors.Science advances · 2025Article
- Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging and Correlative Cryo-Electron Tomography to Study Structural Changes of the HIV-1 Capsid.ACS nano · 2025Article
- Decoding the biogenesis of HIV-induced CPSF6 puncta and their fusion with the nuclear speckle.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Blockade ofmBio · 2025Article
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
We recently reported that HIV-1 cores that retained >94% of their capsid (CA) protein entered the nucleus and disassembled (uncoated) near their integration site <1.5 h before integration. However, whether the nuclear capsids lost their integrity by rupturing or a small loss of CA before capsid disassembly was unclear. Here, we utilized a previously reported vector in which green fluorescent protein is inserted in HIV-1 Gag (iGFP); proteolytic processing efficiently releases GFP, some of which remains trapped inside capsids and serves as a fluid phase content marker that is released when the capsids lose their integrity. We found that nuclear capsids retained their integrity until shortly before integration and lost their GFP content marker ∼1 to 3 min before loss of capsid-associated mRuby-tagged cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (mRuby-CPSF6). In contrast, loss of GFP fused to CA and mRuby-CPSF6 occurred simultaneously, indicating that viral cores retain their integrity until just minutes before uncoating. Our results indicate that HIV-1 evolved to retain its capsid integrity and maintain a separation between macromolecules in the viral core and the nuclear environment until uncoating occurs just before integration. These observations imply that intact HIV-1 capsids are imported through nuclear pores; that reverse transcription occurs in an intact capsid; and that interactions between the preintegration complex and LEDGF/p75, and possibly other host factors that facilitate integration, must occur during the short time period between loss of capsid integrity and integration.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.