ReviewJournal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry2021
Autoimmune encephalitis: proposed best practice recommendations for diagnosis and acute management.
Review in Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 298 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
298 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 493 citations in OpenAlex.
- Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice-Evidence-Based Approach From the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The Tenth Special Issue.Journal of clinical apheresis · 2026Guideline
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Recurrence of Autoimmune Encephalitis.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Pooled it
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Features Associated With Seronegative Autoimmune Encephalitis.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026Pooled it
- Anti-mGluR5 encephalitis: distinctive clinical features and antibody patterns in the Chinese population.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Clinical features of anti-mGluR5 encephalitis and comparison according to MRI positivity: a systematic review and analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Neuroglial biomarkers in autoimmune encephalitis: advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and pathophysiological insights.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- An updated, comprehensive meta-analysis of the treatment of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: Analysis, equipoise, and the urgent need for evidence over anecdote.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Pooled it
- Investigating health related quality of life and clinical measures in autoimmune encephalitis: a systematic review.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Does the Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin Improve Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Autoimmune Encephalitis? A Systematic Review.Brain and behavior · 2025Pooled it
- Optimizing the Use of Anti-CD20 Agents in Multiple Sclerosis and Other Autoimmune Central Nervous System Disorders: A Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2026Review
- [Autoimmune encephalitis in intensive care medicine : Differentiation from infectious encephalitis].Die Anaesthesiologie · 2026Review
- Clinical Characteristics of Japanese Cases of Anti-Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 1 Antibody-Associated Cerebellar Ataxia.Cerebellum (London, England) · 2026Article
- Utility of the APEAnnals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Diagnosing autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatry: clinical recommendations and unresolved challenges from the GENERATE network.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Suspected encephalitis in adults.Practical neurology · 2026Review
- Immune-Related Encephalitis in a Patient With Pleural Mesothelioma: Case Report.Respirology case reports · 2026Article
- Repeat Lumbar Puncture in Adults With Encephalitis: Patient Characteristics, Cerebrospinal Fluid Dynamics, and Diagnostic Yield.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Protein Profiling Identifies Biomarkers for Predicting Disease Severity in Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immune context and treatment timing associated with seizure freedom after rituximab in autoimmune limbic encephalitis.iScience · 2026Article
- Evaluating the Value of Tissue-Based Assays in the Diagnosis of AE.Revista de neurologia · 2026Article
238 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
27 authors at 20 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to evaluate available evidence for each step in autoimmune encephalitis management and provide expert opinion when evidence is lacking. The paper approaches autoimmune encephalitis as a broad category rather than focusing on individual antibody syndromes. Core authors from the Autoimmune Encephalitis Alliance Clinicians Network reviewed literature and developed the first draft. Where evidence was lacking or controversial, an electronic survey was distributed to all members to solicit individual responses. Sixty-eight members from 17 countries answered the survey. Corticosteroids alone or combined with other agents (intravenous IG or plasmapheresis) were selected as a first-line therapy by 84% of responders for patients with a general presentation, 74% for patients presenting with faciobrachial dystonic seizures, 63% for NMDAR-IgG encephalitis and 48.5% for classical paraneoplastic encephalitis. Half the responders indicated they would add a second-line agent only if there was no response to more than one first-line agent, 32% indicated adding a second-line agent if there was no response to one first-line agent, while only 15% indicated using a second-line agent in all patients. As for the preferred second-line agent, 80% of responders chose rituximab while only 10% chose cyclophosphamide in a clinical scenario with unknown antibodies. Detailed survey results are presented in the manuscript and a summary of the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations is presented at the conclusion.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.