ArticleClinical diabetes and endocrinology2021
The relationship between depression and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of observational studies.
Article in Clinical diabetes and endocrinology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 57 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
57 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Adherence to evidence-based treatment guidelines for depression: a systematic review.BMC psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Depression and health outcomes: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies.Translational psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Association between atherogenic index of plasma and depression risk: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Association of metabolic syndrome and its components with the risk of depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Psychological Resilience to Trauma and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Women.Biopsychosocial science and medicine · 2026Article
- Blunted anticipation, but not consummation, of food rewards in depression.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Article
- Uncovering the metabolomic signatures in adolescent depression using a targeted metabolomics approach.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Review
- Genetic predispositions for anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder affect current dietary habits in older patients with lifestyle-related diseases.The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Association of metabolic syndrome with comorbid major depressive disorder in remitted schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Psychiatric Morbidity in a Nationwide Taiwanese Population Study.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Association between steatotic liver disease and post-traumatic stress symptoms in the Fukushima health management survey.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Metabolic syndromes mediate the association between depression and cardiovascular diseases in the UK Biobank Population Study.Comprehensive psychoneuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Repeatability and Variability of a High-Fat High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome Model in Young Adult Male Wistar Rats.Methods and protocols · 2026Article
- A proposed psychometabolic endotype of polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome: bidirectional interplay between psychological distress, eating dysfunction, sleep disruption, chronic stress, and metabolic deterioration.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
- Branched-chain amino acids and risk of major depressive disorder: a Mendelian randomization and colocalization study.Psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Comorbidity Between Mood Disorders and Chronic Somatic Diseases, With a Focus on Cardiometabolic Disease, and Its Mechanistic Crosstalk.Depression and anxiety · 2026Review
- Towards precision psychiatry: Metabolomics identifies three biological subtypes of depression.PLOS digital health · 2025Article
- The Influence of Sociodemographic Characteristics, Lifestyle, and Metabolic Syndrome on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Adults in Banja Luka.Acta medica academica · 2025Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of obesity in patients with major depressive disorder at different ages of onset.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe link between metabolic syndrome and depression has always been controversial. Different studies that have examined the relationship between metabolic syndrome and depression have reported different results. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the association between depression and MetS by meta-analysis.
methodsEmbase, Scopus, PubMed, and ISI were searched for publications in English from January 1990 to February 2020. Search included cohort and cross-sectional studies aimed at examining the association between depression and MetS. The risk of bias was assessed by Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity and publication bias were tested, subgroup analysis and meta-regression were conducted.
results49 studies with total sample size 399,494 were analyzed. Results indicated the odds of MetS was higher in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals [OR: 1.48; 95 %CI: 1.33-1.64) vs. (OR: 1.38; 95 %CI: 1.17-1.64)]. For cross-sectional studies, depressed patients in Europe (OR = 1.35; 95 %CI: 1.47-1.99) were at higher odds of MetS compared to those in America and Asia. For cohort studies, depressed patients in America (OR = 1.46; 95 %CI: 1.16-1.84) were at higher odds of MetS than those in Europe. Cross-sectional studies indicated women with depression were at higher odds of MetS (OR = 1.95; 95 %CI: 1.38-2.74) compared to men. In both types of studies, the odds of MetS decreased with age.
conclusionsMetabolic syndrome is more common in depressed compared to non-depressed individuals.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.