ArticleThe Science of the total environment2021
Predicted occurrence, ecotoxicological risk and environmentally acquired resistance of antiviral drugs associated with COVID-19 in environmental waters.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
48 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 218 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emerging trends and hotspots in Oseltamivir resistance: insights from a bibliometric investigation.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens in municipal wastewater, landfill leachate, and solid waste: A review about virus surveillance, infectivity, and inactivation.Environmental research · 2022Pooled it
- Removal of SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals from Aqueous Media Using Bioaugmented Activated Sludge.Toxics · 2026Article
- Activated Sludge in the Bioremediation of Water Containing SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Evaluation of metal-oxide semiconductors for the photocatalytic degradation of chloroquine phosphate in real-world water matrices.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Storage conditions and antiviral efficacy of yeast-derived vacuoles on T4 virus.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- On the ozonation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 substances and their nucleoside analogues for mechanistic understanding of the ozone induced transformation using HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-HRMS.RSC advances · 2026Article
- Insights into adsorbent-based pharmaceutical wastewater treatment and future developments toward sustainability.RSC advances · 2025Review
- Degradation of Antiviral Drug Favipiravir Using UV, UV/HLangmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids · 2025Article
- Occurrence of selected Covid-19 drugs in surface water resources: a review of their sources, pathways, receptors, fate, ecotoxicity, and possible interactions with heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2024Review
- Microbiome and Resistome Studies of the Lithuanian Baltic Sea Coast and the Curonian Lagoon Waters and Sediments.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Understanding of environmental pollution and its anthropogenic impacts on biological resources during the COVID-19 period.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Review
- COVID-19 pandemic-related drugs and microplastics from mask fibers jointly affect soil functions and processes.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- Occurrence, Source Apportionment, and Ecological Risk of Typical Pharmaceuticals in Surface Waters of Beijing, China.Toxics · 2024Article
- Machine learning coupled with causal inference to identify COVID-19 related chemicals that pose a high concern to drinking water.iScience · 2024Article
- Stability and WBE biomarkers possibility of 17 antiviral drugs in sewage and gravity sewers.Water research · 2023Article
- The photolytic behavior of COVID-19 antivirals ribavirin in natural waters and the increased environmental risk.Journal of hazardous materials · 2023Article
- Microplastics and other emerging contaminants in the environment after COVID-19 pandemic: The need of global reconnaissance studies.Current opinion in environmental science & health · 2023Review
- Comprehensive micropollutant characterization of wastewater during Covid-19 crisis in 2020: Suspect screening and environmental risk prioritization strategy.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) in the electrochemical oxidation of polluted waters with pharmaceuticals used against COVID-19.Journal of environmental chemical engineering · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antiviral drugs have been used to treat the ever-growing number of coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Consequently, unprecedented amounts of such drug residues discharging into ambient waters raise concerns on the potential ecotoxicological effects to aquatic lives, as well as development of antiviral drug-resistance in wildlife. Here, we estimated the occurrence, fate and ecotoxicological risk of 11 therapeutic agents suggested as drugs for COVID-19 treatment and their 13 metabolites in wastewater and environmental waters, based on drug consumption, physical-chemical property, and ecotoxicological and pharmacological data for the drugs, with the aid of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modelling. Our results suggest that the removal efficiencies at conventional wastewater treatment plants will remain low (<20%) for half of the substances, and consequently, high drug residues (e.g. 7402 ng/L ribavirin, 4231 ng/L favipiravir, 730 ng/L lopinavir, 319 ng/L remdesivir; each combined for both unchanged forms and metabolites; and when each drug is administered to 100 patients out of 100,000 populations on a day) can be present in secondary effluents and persist in the environmental waters. Ecotoxicological risk in receiving river waters can be high (risk quotient >1) by a use of favipiravir, lopinavir, umifenovir and ritonavir, and medium (risk quotient >0.1) by a use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and ribavirin, while the risk will remain low (risk quotient <0.1) for dexamethasone and oseltamivir. The potential of wild animals acquiring antiviral drug resistance was estimated to be low. Our prediction suggests a pressing need for proper usage and waste management of antiviral drugs as well as for improving removal efficiencies of drug residues in wastewater.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.