ReviewReviews in medical virology2021
Sex-based differences in severity and mortality in COVID-19.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 88 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
88 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Efficacy and Clinical Outcomes of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Intervirology · 2024Pooled it
- The Association of Hypertension with Increased Mortality Rate During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Update with Meta-analysis.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2023Pooled it
- Guideline
- Antiviral and immunomodulatory effect of zapnometinib in animal models and hospitalized COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Trial
- COVID-19 Infection Is Associated With Higher Stress in Urban American Indian and Alaska Native Peoples: Results From a Cross-Sectional Survey.Brain and behavior · 2026Article
- Deficiency in circulating T cells in four core genotypes mice with Sry translocation.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Characteristics of COVID-19 cases and factors associated with disease severity in Lao People's Democratic Republic: a nationwide study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Observational
- Coviretinopathy: COVID-19-induced VEGF-dependent retinopathy.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Long COVID Prevalence Over One year After the Acute Phase, and Related Risk Factors. The GINA-COVID Cohort Study.International journal of women's health · 2026Article
- Sex differences in response to COVID-19 infection: a retrospective study based on emergency medical team interventions.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- MDR Bacteremia in the Critically Ill During COVID-19: The MARTINI Study.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Observational
- Understanding sex and gender disparities in COVID-19 mortality: a narrative review beyond biology.Biology of sex differences · 2025Review
- Trends and cross-country inequities by region, sex, age in the mortality, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years of COVID-19: Analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Can Sex-based Variations in the Immune Responses to AAV Gene Therapy Affect Safety and Efficacy? A Review of Current Understanding.The AAPS journal · 2025Review
- The X-LinkedInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity as a predictor of severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases: The Role of Genetics, Hormones, and Aging.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Clinical characteristics of emergency medical staff infected with COVID-19 Omicron variant from five medical centers.World journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Chronic and infectious respiratory mortality and short-term exposures to four types of pollen taxa in older adults in Michigan, 2006-2017.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the case fatality rate in 2 031 309 hospitalised Brazilian patients due to COVID-19: An observational study of the first 3 years of the pandemic in Brazil.BMJ public health · 2025Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a male bias in severity and mortality. This is consistent with previous coronavirus pandemics such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and viral infections in general. Here, we discuss the sex-disaggregated epidemiological data for COVID-19 and highlight underlying differences that may explain the sexual dimorphism to help inform risk stratification strategies and therapeutic options.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.