Evidence map›Paper›PMID 33645926›Full record

ArticleVeterinary medicine and science2021

Infection prevention and control practices of ambulatory veterinarians: A questionnaire study in Finland.

Marie Verkola, Terhi Järvelä, Asko Järvinen, Pikka Jokelainen, Anna-Maija Virtala, Paula M Kinnunen, Annamari Heikinheimo

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Veterinary medicine and science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. An outbreak ofJournal of surgical case reports · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Marie VerkolaFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-6744-1909
Terhi JärveläFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Asko JärvinenDepartment of Infectious Diseases, Inflammation Center, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, HUS, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-1906-7665
Pikka JokelainenFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-3035-5094
Anna-Maija VirtalaFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0003-2540-9171
Paula M KinnunenFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0001-8246-3129
Annamari HeikinheimoFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID 0000-0002-6559-5442

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundVeterinarians face the risk of contracting zoonotic pathogens. Infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines stress the importance of proper hand hygiene and personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent transmission of these pathogens.

objectivesWe aimed to assess how ambulatory livestock and equine veterinarians follow IPC guidelines, when working on farms and in stables.

methodsWe studied hygiene practices of livestock and equine ambulatory veterinarians (n = 129) in Finland. A web-based questionnaire was used to obtain demographic information and information regarding hand-hygiene facilities and practices, use and cleaning of PPE and cleaning of medical equipment.

resultsAccording to 66.9% of the respondents, hand-washing facilities were often adequate on livestock farms, but only 21.4% reported that this was the case in stables (p < .001). While 75.0% reported washing their hands or using hand sanitizer always before moving on to the next farm, only 42.5% reported doing this before moving on to the next stables (p < .001). Universal protective coat or coverall use was more common in livestock practice than in equine practice (91.6% vs. 27.7%, p < .001). Stethoscope cleaning was reported to happen less frequently than once a week by 30.0% of the respondents.

conclusionsFinnish veterinarians' self-reported IPC adherence was far from uniform. IPC was more commonly followed in ambulatory livestock practice perhaps facilitated by better hand-washing facilities on farms than in stables. The study suggests that education of veterinarians is still needed and that hand-washing facilities need to be improved even in a high-income country.

Indexed as

HorsesLivestockAnimalsFinlandHand HygieneInfection ControlPersonal Protective EquipmentSurveys and QuestionnairesVeterinarianshand hygieneinfection controlpersonal protective equipmentveterinarianszoonoses

Identifiers

PMID33645926
PMCPMC8294370

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.