ReviewFrontiers in immunology2021
Role of Human Milk Bioactives on Infants' Gut and Immune Health.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 172 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
172 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 277 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of breastfeeding in modulating antimicrobial resistance in neonates: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Impact of three mammalian milk-derived fortifiers on morbidity and mortality in preterm infants: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.International breastfeeding journal · 2025Pooled it
- Dysregulated blood biomarkers in women with acute and chronic respiratory conditions due to air pollutant exposure: An exploratory systematic review.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Human Milk Bioactive Components and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First 2 Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- Clinical Studies on the Supplementation of Manufactured Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Effect of a high-dose bioactive components formula on reducing common diseases in term neonates delivered by cesarean section: a randomized, open-label, controlled trial.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Trial
- Immunological effects of alpha-lactalbumin-enriched low-protein infant formula: A randomized controlled trial.Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition · 2025Trial
- Maternal obesity alters human milk oligosaccharides content and correlates with early acquisition of late colonizers in the neonatal gut microbiome.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Recent trends in encapsulated bioactives for improving the delivery of infant milk fortifiers.Food science of animal resources · 2026Review
- Insights into Microbiota-Vaccine Crosstalk in Humans: Mechanisms, Modulators, and Translational Horizons.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Human milk microbiome as a modulator of the early-life gut-brain axis: mechanisms and translational opportunities for neurodevelopment.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Integrated Protein-Lipid Digestion Profiles of Human Milk, Infant Formulas, and Dairy Ingredients Under Infant In Vitro Digestion.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Breastfeeding and viral infections in preterm infants: a multicenter cohort study.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Breast milk cytokines and infant growth trajectories in a low-income community in Bangladesh.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota in PCOS: key microbial changes, potential mechanisms and clinical applications.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Effect of antenatal colostrum expression teaching on breastfeeding practices and birth outcomes: a retrospective case-control chart review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- A Synbiotic of Lacto-Nutrients · 2026Article
- Article
112 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Exclusive human milk feeding of the newborn is recommended during the first 6 months of life to promote optimal health outcomes during early life and beyond. Human milk contains a variety of bioactive factors such as hormones, cytokines, leukocytes, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, stem cells, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), microbiota, and microRNAs. Recent findings highlighted the potential importance of adding HMOs into infant formula for their roles in enhancing host defense mechanisms in neonates. Therefore, understanding the roles of human milk bioactive factors on immune function is critical to build the scientific evidence base around breastfeeding recommendations, and to enhance positive health outcomes in formula fed infants through modifications to formulas. However, there are still knowledge gaps concerning the roles of different milk components, the interactions between the different components, and the mechanisms behind health outcomes are poorly understood. This review aims to show the current knowledge about HMOs, milk microbiota, immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and milk microRNAs (miRNAs) and how these could have similar mechanisms of regulating gut and microbiota function. It will also highlight the knowledge gaps for future research.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.