ReviewThe Indian journal of tuberculosis2021
BCG vaccination induced protection from COVID-19.
Review in The Indian journal of tuberculosis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all-cause mortality and life expectancy in northern Ghana: findings from the Navrongo Health and Demographic Surveillance System.Population health metrics · 2025Article
- COVID-19 vaccines and neurological disorders: A narrative review of immune responses and adverse reactions.AIMS neuroscience · 2025Review
- BCG activation of trained immunity is associated with induction of cross reactive COVID-19 antibodies in a BCG vaccinated population.PloS one · 2024Article
- Impact of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and of seasonal variations on the innate immune inflammatory response.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- BCG and SARS-CoV-2-What Have We Learned?Vaccines · 2022Review
- Prophylactic effect of cutaneous leishmaniasis against COVID-19: a case-control field assessment.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Article
- Mapping BCG vaccination coverage in Ethiopia between 2000 and 2019.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- An insight into SARS-CoV-2 structure, pathogenesis, target hunting for drug development and vaccine initiatives.RSC medicinal chemistry · 2022Review
- Differentially Expressed Genes Study Shown Potential for BCG Stimulation in Reducing the Severity of COVID-19.International journal of inflammation · 2022Article
- An update on host immunity correlates and prospects of re-infection in COVID-19.International reviews of immunology · 2022Review
- SARS-CoV-2: Current trends in emerging variants, pathogenesis, immune responses, potential therapeutic, and vaccine development strategies.International immunopharmacology · 2021Review
- COVID-19 and Beyond: Exploring Public Health Benefits from Non-Specific Effects of BCG Vaccination.Microorganisms · 2021Review
- Severity of COVID-19 in bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccinated population.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2021Article
- Variances in BCG protection against COVID-19 mortality: A global assessment.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2021Article
- Article
- Ongoing Clinical Trials of Vaccines to Fight against COVID-19 Pandemic.Immune network · 2021Review
- Nitric oxide for the prevention and treatment of viral, bacterial, protozoal and fungal infections.F1000Research · 2021Review
- Re-reading ACT, BCG, and Low COVID-19 in Africa.SN comprehensive clinical medicine · 2021Article
- Review
- A Systems Biology Workflow for Drug and Vaccine Repurposing: Identifying Small-Molecule BCG Mimics to Reduce or Prevent COVID-19 Mortality.Pharmaceutical research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
There are worldwide urgency, efforts, and uncertainties for the discovery of a vaccine against SARS CoV2. If successful, it will take its own time till useful for the humans. Till the specific vaccine is available, there are evidences for repurposing existing other vaccines. It is observed that countries having a routine BCG vaccination programme, have shown to have lower incidence of COVID-19, suggesting some protective mechanisms of BCG against COVID-19 in such countries. In countries like India despite vast population density and other adversities, and growing numbers of COVID19 infections, the mortality rate and severity of COVID has been low in comparison to some TB non-endemic countries (like Europe and USA). In addition, there are evidences that BCG vaccination offers partial protection and survival in low-income countries where tuberculosis is prevalent. The nonspecific effects (NSEs) of immune responses induced by BCG vaccination protect against other infections seem to be due to its immunological memory eliciting lymphocytes response and trained immunity. The protective effect on other viral infection in humans are believed to be mediated by heterologous lymphocyte activation and the initiation of innate immune memory may be applicable to SARS CoV2. The BCG vaccination at birth does not have a protective effect beyond childhood against COVID-19. In adults, there might be other factors dampening the virulence and pathogenicity of COVID-19. In the TB endemic countries like India, with high population density, similar to BCG vaccination, the environmental Mycobacteria might be imparting some immune-protection from severity and deaths of COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.