ReviewThe British journal of nutrition2022
Zinc deficiency as a possible risk factor for increased susceptibility and severe progression of Corona Virus Disease 19.
Review in The British journal of nutrition, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- Circulating trace elements status in COVID-19 disease: A meta-analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Pooled it
- Low serum zinc levels and risk of incident atrial fibrillation/flutter: a multi-institutional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Zinc deficiency as possible link between immunosenescence and age-related diseases.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Review
- Immunological enhancement of micro-nanoparticle formulated with risedronate and zinc as vaccine adjuvant in aged mice.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- Short-term oral zinc supplementation enhances Natural Killer cell functionality and decreases circulating Innate Lymphoid Cell counts and frequencies in healthy young adults.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Potential mechanisms of zinc sulfate in inhibiting porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication: attenuation of oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D and Zinc on Viral Infection.Biological trace element research · 2025Review
- The dynamic linkage between covid-19 and nutrition: a review from a probiotics perspective using machine learning and bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Coordination chemistry suggests that independently observed benefits of metformin and ZnBiometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2024Article
- Zinc Deficiency and Zinc Supplementation in Allergic Diseases.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- A ThT Derivative as ZnJournal of fluorescence · 2024Article
- The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Article
- Zinc and selenium status in coronavirus disease 2019.Biometals : an international journal on the role of metal ions in biology, biochemistry, and medicine · 2023Review
- Prevalence of low dietary zinc intake in women and pregnant women in Ireland.Irish journal of medical science · 2023Article
- ZnInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Protective role of zinc in the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Review
- Zinc biofortification through seed nutri-priming using alternative zinc sources and concentration levels in pea and sunflower microgreens.Frontiers in plant science · 2023Article
- Antiviral activity of zinc against hepatitis viruses: current status and future prospects.Frontiers in microbiology · 2023Review
- Zinc homeostasis and redox alterations in obesity.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The importance of Zn for human health becomes obvious during Zn deficiency. Even mild insufficiencies of Zn cause alterations in haematopoiesis and immune functions, resulting in a proinflammatory phenotype and a disturbed redox metabolism. Although immune system malfunction has the most obvious effect, the functions of several tissue cell types are disturbed if Zn supply is limiting. Adhesion molecules and tight junction proteins decrease, while cell death increases, generating barrier dysfunction and possibly organ failure. Taken together, Zn deficiency both weakens the resistance of the human body towards pathogens and at the same time increases the danger of an overactive immune response that may cause tissue damage. The case numbers of Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) are still increasing, which is causing enormous problems for health systems and economies. There is an urgent need to reduce both the number of severe cases and the resulting deaths. While therapeutic options are still under investigation, and first vaccines have been approved, cost-effective ways to reduce the likelihood of or even prevent infection, and the transition from mild symptoms to more serious detrimental disease, are highly desirable. Nutritional supplementation might be an effective option to achieve these aims. In this review, we discuss known Zn deficiency effects in the context of an infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 and its currently known pathogenic mechanisms and elaborate on how severe pre-existing Zn deficiency may pre-dispose patients to a severe progression of COVID-19. First published clinical data on the association of Zn homoeostasis with COVID-19 and registered studies in progress are listed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.