ReviewInternational reviews of immunology2022
COVID-19: Immunology, Immunopathogenesis and Potential Therapies.
Review in International reviews of immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune cell interactions and lung damage in SARS-CoV-2 special attention on monocytes/macrophages, T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and Toll-like receptors in SARS-CoV-2.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology · 2026Review
- NETosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in Neuroinflammation and Disease Pathogenesis.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- The Clinical Features and Prognosis of Idiopathic and Infection-Triggered Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathy-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Preliminary Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and molecular interaction assessment of ginger-derived phenolics for SARS-CoV-2 main protease Inhibition.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Toll-Like Receptor Dysregulation in The Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients.Advanced biomedical research · 2025Article
- Coordinated kinetics of humoral, T-cell, and cytokine responses to SARS-COV-2 in West African healthcare workers: a multicenter longitudinal study in university hospitals of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Mast Cell Carboxypeptidase A3 Is Associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis Secondary to COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Assessment of Supplementation with Different Biomolecules in the Prevention and Treatment of COVID-19.Nutrients · 2024Review
- A brief overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its management strategies: a recent update.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2024Review
- Immune responses in COVID-19 patients: Insights into cytokine storms and adaptive immunity kinetics.Heliyon · 2024Review
- NLRP3 exacerbates EAE severity through ROS-dependent NET formation in the mouse brain.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2024Article
- New insights into the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Spatial immune landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal infection: macrophages contribute to local tissue inflammation and gastrointestinal symptoms.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2024Article
- NLRP3 Exacerbate NETosis-Associated Neuroinflammation in an LPS-Induced Inflamed Brain.Immune network · 2023Article
- Causal relationships between COVID-19 and osteoporosis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study in European population.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- SARS-CoV-2 in brief: from virus to prevention.Osong public health and research perspectives · 2022Article
- MicroRNAs in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease.Cells · 2022Review
- The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update.Journal of medical virology · 2022Review
- BCG and SARS-CoV-2-What Have We Learned?Vaccines · 2022Review
- TNFRSF1B and TNF Variants Are Associated With Differences in Levels of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptors in Patients With Severe COVID-19.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) imposed public health emergency and affected millions of people around the globe. As of January 2021, 100 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 along with more than 2 million deaths were reported worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection causes excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines thereby leading to the development of "Cytokine Storm Syndrome." This condition results in uncontrollable inflammation that further imposes multiple-organ-failure eventually leading to death. SARS-CoV-2 induces unrestrained innate immune response and impairs adaptive immune responses thereby causing tissue damage. Thus, understanding the foremost features and evolution of innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial in anticipating COVID-19 outcomes and in developing effective strategies to control the viral spread. In the present review, we exhaustively discuss the sequential key immunological events that occur during SARS-CoV-2 infection and are involved in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19. In addition to this, we also highlight various therapeutic options already in use such as immunosuppressive drugs, plasma therapy and intravenous immunoglobulins along with various novel potent therapeutic options that should be considered in managing COVID-19 infection such as traditional medicines and probiotics.
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