ArticleJournal of anatomy2021
Development of the sympathetic trunks in human embryos.
Article in Journal of anatomy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- A Review on the Vagus Nerve and Autonomic Nervous System During Fetal Development: Searching for Critical Windows.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2021Pooled it
- Sympathetic Chain Ganglia in the Female Pig During Prenatal Development: Noradrenergic and Cholinergic Neurons.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Re-evaluating the 'gonadal ganglion': anatomical insights into intermesenteric ganglia and gonadal innervation.Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA · 2025Article
- Bidirectional crosstalk between the peripheral nervous system and lymphoid tissues/organs.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Impact of Neurons on Patient-Derived Cardiomyocytes Using Organ-On-A-Chip and iPSC Biotechnologies.Cells · 2022Article
- Defining Pathological Activities of ALK in Neuroblastoma, a Neural Crest-Derived Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although the development of the sympathetic trunks was first described >100 years ago, the topographic aspect of their development has received relatively little attention. We visualised the sympathetic trunks in human embryos of 4.5-10 weeks post-fertilisation, using Amira 3D-reconstruction and Cinema 4D-remodelling software. Scattered, intensely staining neural crest-derived ganglionic cells that soon formed longitudinal columns were first seen laterally to the dorsal aorta in the cervical and upper thoracic regions of Carnegie stage (CS)14 embryos. Nerve fibres extending from the communicating branches with the spinal cord reached the trunks at CS15-16 and became incorporated randomly between ganglionic cells. After CS18, ganglionic cells became organised as irregular agglomerates (ganglia) on a craniocaudally continuous cord of nerve fibres, with dorsally more ganglionic cells and ventrally more fibres. Accordingly, the trunks assumed a "pearls-on-a-string" appearance, but size and distribution of the pearls were markedly heterogeneous. The change in position of the sympathetic trunks from lateral (para-aortic) to dorsolateral (prevertebral or paravertebral) is a criterion to distinguish the "primary" and "secondary" sympathetic trunks. We investigated the position of the trunks at vertebral levels T2, T7, L1 and S1. During CS14, the trunks occupied a para-aortic position, which changed into a prevertebral position in the cervical and upper thoracic regions during CS15, and in the lower thoracic and lumbar regions during CS18 and CS20, respectively. The thoracic sympathetic trunks continued to move further dorsally and attained a paravertebral position at CS23. The sacral trunks retained their para-aortic and prevertebral position, and converged into a single column in front of the coccyx. Based on our present and earlier morphometric measurements and literature data, we argue that differential growth accounts for the regional differences in position of the sympathetic trunks.
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