ArticleEnvironment international2021
Parental preconception exposure to phenol and phthalate mixtures and the risk of preterm birth.
Article in Environment international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 73 citations in OpenAlex.
- The influence of environmental exposures during the preconception period on offspring outcomes: a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2025Pooled it
- Paternal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Couples' Pregnancy Outcomes: A Qualitative Review of the Literature.Current environmental health reports · 2026Review
- Executive summary: Workshop on preterm birth, January 28-29, 2025, co-sponsored by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.Pregnancy (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Endocrine Disrupting Agents: Toxicological Aspects on Male Reproduction.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Review
- Effect Modification of Serum Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Associations between Urinary Phthalate Biomarkers Mixture and Pregnancy Outcomes among Women Seeking Fertility Care.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Environmental pollutant Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces asthenozoospermia: new insights from network toxicology.Molecular diversity · 2025Article
- Association of Prenatal Exposure to Phthalates and Phenols With Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.O&G open · 2025Article
- Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and female sexual function in a preconception cohort.Environmental research · 2025Article
- Prenatal exposure to phthalates and phthalate replacements in relation to chorionic plate surface vasculature at delivery.The Science of the total environment · 2025Article
- The impact of Bisphenol-A on human reproductive health.Toxicology reports · 2024Review
- Association between Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in Cancerous and Non-cancerous Tissues with the Risk of Colorectal Cancer Progression in Northwest China.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Prenatal exposure to persistent and non-persistent chemical mixtures and associations with adverse birth outcomes in the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Article
- Maternal and Paternal Preconception Serum Concentrations of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Relation to Birth Outcomes.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- Prenatal phthalate exposure and adverse birth outcomes in the USA: a prospective analysis of births and estimates of attributable burden and costs.The Lancet. Planetary health · 2024Article
- Preconception Phthalate Exposure and Women's Reproductive Health: Pregnancy, Pregnancy Loss, and Underlying Mechanisms.Environmental health perspectives · 2023Article
- Before Is Better: Innovative Multidisciplinary Preconception Care in Different Clinical Contexts.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Review
- Article
- The adverse role of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the reproductive system.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Review
- Genome-wide distribution of histone trimethylation reveals a global impact of bisphenol A on telomeric binding proteins and histone acetyltransferase factors: a pilot study with human and in vitro data.Clinical epigenetics · 2022Article
- Lifestyle interventions to reduce endocrine-disrupting phthalate and phenol exposures among reproductive age men and women: A review and future steps.Environment international · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundParental preconception exposure to select phenols and phthalates was previously associated with increased risk of preterm birth in single chemical analyses. However, the joint effect of phenol and phthalate mixtures on preterm birth is unknown.
methodsWe included 384 female and 211 male (203 couples) participants seeking infertility treatment in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study who gave birth to 384 singleton infants between 2005 and 2018. Mean preconception urinary concentrations of bisphenol A (BPA), parabens, and eleven phthalate biomarkers, including di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, were examined. We used principal component analysis (PCA) with log-Poisson regression and Probit Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) with hierarchical variable selection to examine maternal and paternal phenol and phthalate mixtures in relation to preterm birth. Couple-based BKMR model was fit to assess couples' joint mixtures in relation to preterm birth.
resultsPCA identified the same four factors for maternal and paternal preconception mixtures. Each unit increase in PCA scores of maternal (adjusted Risk Ratio (aRR): 1.36, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.84) and paternal (aRR: 1.47, 95%CI: 0.90, 2.42) preconception DEHP-BPA factor was positively associated with preterm birth. Maternal and paternal BKMR models consistently presented the DEHP-BPA factor with the highest group Posterior Inclusion Probability (PIP). BKMR models further showed that maternal preconception BPA and mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate, and paternal preconception mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate were positively associated with preterm birth when the remaining mixture components were held at their median concentrations. Couple-based BKMR models showed a similar relative contribution of paternal (PIP: 61%) and maternal (PIP: 77%) preconception mixtures on preterm birth. We found a positive joint effect on preterm birth across increasing quantiles of couples' total mixture concentrations.
conclusionIn this prospective cohort of subfertile couples, maternal BPA and DEHP, and paternal DEHP exposure before conception were positively associated with preterm birth. Both parental windows jointly contributed to the outcome. These results suggest that preterm birth may be a couple-based pregnancy outcome.
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