ArticleBMC infectious diseases2021
A multicenter analysis of the clinical microbiology and antimicrobial usage in hospitalized patients in the US with or without COVID-19.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Disease spectrum of patients with hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant organism infections in the intensive care unit: a retrospective study.Frontiers in microbiology · 2025Article
- Investigating the Prevalence of Bacterial Infections in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit and Determining their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2025Article
- The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood culture practices and bloodstream infections.Microbiology spectrum · 2023Article
- The Impact of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on a Retrospective Cohort of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Treated with a Combination of Steroids and Tocilizumab.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- The impact of COVID on bacterial sepsis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2023Article
- Association of SARS-CoV-2 status and antibiotic-resistant bacteria with inadequate empiric therapy in hospitalized patients: a US multicenter cohort evaluation (July 2019 - October 2021).BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Microbiology Clinical Culture Diagnostic Yields and Antimicrobial Resistance Proportions before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic in an Indian Community Hospital and Two US Community Hospitals.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- A multicenter evaluation of antibacterial use in hospitalized patients through the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic waves.BMC infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Meeting the Challenges of Sepsis in Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Call to Arms.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
- Multidrug resistant bacterial infections in severely ill COVID-19 patients admitted in a national referral and teaching hospital, Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Epidemiology and outcomes of culture-positive bloodstream pathogens prior to and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: a multicenter evaluation.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Article
- A Multicenter Comparison of Prevalence and Predictors of Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospitalized Patients Before and During the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia Infection Associated with COVID-19: A Case Series and Literature Review.The American journal of case reports · 2022Review
- Antibiotic Resistance Patterns and Association With the Influenza Season in the United States: A Multicenter Evaluation Reveals Surprising Associations Between Influenza Season and Resistance in Gram-Negative Pathogens.Open forum infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Bacterial Coinfection and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles among Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients.Microorganisms · 2022Article
- A multicenter analysis of inpatient antibiotic use during the 2015-2019 influenza seasons in the United States: Untapped opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2022Article
- Increase of Antimicrobial Consumption in a Tertiary Care Hospital during the First Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Effect of Inadequate Empiric Antibacterial Therapy on Hospital Outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-Positive and -Negative US Patients With a Positive Bacterial Culture: A Multicenter Evaluation From March to November 2020.Open forum infectious diseases · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPast respiratory viral epidemics suggest that bacterial infections impact clinical outcomes. There is minimal information on potential co-pathogens in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the US. We analyzed pathogens, antimicrobial use, and healthcare utilization in hospitalized US patients with and without severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
methodsThis multicenter retrospective study included patients with > 1 day of inpatient admission and discharge/death between March 1 and May 31, 2020 at 241 US acute care hospitals in the BD Insights Research Database. We assessed microbiological testing data, antimicrobial utilization in admitted patients with ≥24 h of antimicrobial therapy, and length of stay (LOS).
resultsA total of 141,621 patients were tested for SARS-CoV-2 (17,003 [12.0%] positive) and 449,339 patients were not tested. Most (> 90%) patients tested for SARS-CoV-2 had additional microbiologic testing performed compared with 41.9% of SARS-CoV-2-untested patients. Non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogen rates were 20.9% for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients compared with 21.3 and 27.9% for SARS-CoV-2-negative and -untested patients, respectively. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common pathogens (45.5, 44.1, and 43.5% for SARS-CoV-2-positive, -negative, and -untested patients). SARS-CoV-2-positive patients had higher rates of hospital-onset (versus admission-onset) non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens compared with SARS-CoV-2-negative or -untested patients (42.4, 22.2, and 19.5%, respectively), more antimicrobial usage (68.0, 45.2, and 25.1% of patients), and longer hospital LOS (mean [standard deviation (SD)] of 8.6 [11.4], 5.1 [8.9], and 4.2 [8.0] days) and intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (mean [SD] of 7.8 [8.5], 3.6 [6.2], and 3.6 [5.9] days). For all groups, the presence of a non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogen was associated with increased hospital LOS (mean [SD] days for patients with versus without a non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogen: 13.7 [15.7] vs 7.3 [9.6] days for SARS-CoV-2-positive patients, 8.2 [11.5] vs 4.3 [7.9] days for SARS-CoV-2-negative patients, and 7.1 [11.0] vs 3.9 [7.4] days for SARS-CoV-2-untested patients).
conclusionsDespite similar rates of non-SARS-CoV-2 pathogens in SARS-CoV-2-positive, -negative, and -untested patients, SARS-CoV-2 was associated with higher rates of hospital-onset infections, greater antimicrobial usage, and extended hospital and ICU LOS. This finding highlights the heavy burden of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare systems and suggests possible opportunities for diagnostic and antimicrobial stewardship.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.