SynthesisInternational journal of obesity (2005)2021
Obesity in COVID-19 era, implications for mechanisms, comorbidities, and prognosis: a review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in International journal of obesity (2005), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 106 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
106 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 259 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dynapenic obesity and all-Cause mortality: A systematic review and Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Pooled it
- The association of overweight, obesity, and long-term obesity with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a meta-analysis of 9 population-based cohorts from the Netherlands Cohorts Consortium.International journal of obesity (2005) · 2025Pooled it
- Risk of bias and certainty of evidence on the association between obesity and mortality in patients with SARS-COV-2: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.Clinical nutrition ESPEN · 2023Pooled it
- Obesity augments the disease burden in COVID-19: Updated data from an umbrella review.Clinical obesity · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness of weight management interventions for adults delivered in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Pooled it
- Comorbidities, Associated Diseases, and Risk Assessment in COVID-19-A Systematic Review.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Association of Obesity With COVID-19 Severity and Mortality: An Updated Systemic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Pooled it
- Implementing weight maintenance with existing staff and electronic health record tools in a primary care setting: Baseline results from the MAINTAIN PRIME trial.Contemporary clinical trials · 2024Trial
- Prepregnancy body mass index in Ontario from 2012 to 2022: A population-based descriptive study.Canadian journal of public health = Revue canadienne de sante publique · 2026Article
- Anthropometric Indicators and Immune Fitness: An Exploratory Online Survey Among Adults from Saudi Arabia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Screening and Diagnosis of Malnutrition in Individuals With Obesity: A Scoping Review of Current Methods.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Article
- Risk factors of long COVID among discharged patients with omicron infection in Changzhi, China: a retrospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Hidden Hunger in Pediatric Obesity: Redefining Malnutrition Through Macronutrient Quality and Micronutrient Deficiency.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on BMI and Obesity among Underrepresented Populations: A Longitudinal Analysis of the All of Us Dataset.Research square · 2025Article
- Elevated risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes among underweight patients in Japan: A national registry-based study.Global health & medicine · 2025Article
- The Effect of Obesity and General Anaesthesia Mode on the Frontal QRS-T Angle During Laparoscopic Surgery.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Association between 25(OH)D levels and clinical outcomes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Immunometabolic Interactions in Obesity: Implications for Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRecent studies have shown that obesity is associated with the severity of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We reviewed clinical studies to clarify the obesity relationship with COVID-19 severity, comorbidities, and discussing possible mechanisms. MATERIALS AND
methodsThe electronic databases, including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched and all studies conducted on COVID-19 and obesity were reviewed. All studies were independently screened by reviewers based on their titles and abstracts.
resultsForty relevant articles were selected, and their full texts were reviewed. Obesity affects the respiratory and immune systems through various mechanisms. Cytokine and adipokine secretion from adipose tissue leads to a pro-inflammatory state in obese patients, predisposing them to thrombosis, incoordination of innate and adaptive immune responses, inadequate antibody response, and cytokine storm. Obese patients had a longer virus shedding. Obesity is associated with other comorbidities such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and vitamin D deficiency. Hospitalization, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, and even mortality in obese patients were higher than normal-weight patients. Obesity could alter the direction of severe COVID-19 symptoms to younger individuals. Reduced physical activity, unhealthy eating habits and, more stress and fear experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic may result in more weight gain and obesity.
conclusionsObesity should be considered as an independent risk factor for the severity of COVID-19. Paying more attention to preventing weight gain in obese patients with COVID-19 infection in early levels of disease is crucial during this pandemic.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.